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Nationalism in India (Class 10 History Chapter 2) Concepts | CBSE Class 10 Social Science Boards

BYJU'S - Class 9 & 10・52 minutes read

The text discusses the rise of nationalism in India, focusing on the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement initiated by Gandhi in response to British oppression, which aimed to unite people from various backgrounds against colonial rule. Despite initial momentum, these movements faced challenges such as violence, lack of alternatives, regional limitations, and differing goals among participants, ultimately leading to their decline and loss of support from key groups like rich peasants, poor peasants, businessmen, industrialists, women, Muslims, and Dalits.

Insights

  • The session began with greetings and a discussion on the Akash National Talent Hunt Exam (ANTHE) before transitioning to the rise of nationalism in India, focusing on the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934).
  • Gandhi's Satyagraha concept, including the Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmedabad Satyagrahas, laid the foundation for the non-cooperation movement, which aimed to unite India by boycotting foreign goods and institutions.
  • The Civil Disobedience Movement, sparked by Gandhi's Dandi March in 1930, marked a pivotal moment in India's independence struggle, leading to widespread protests, negotiations with the British, and the eventual relaunch and decline of the movement due to various factors like lack of support from different societal groups.

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Recent questions

  • What were the two Gandhian movements discussed?

    Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements

  • What led to the cancellation of the non-cooperation movement?

    The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922

  • What was the catalyst for the Civil Disobedience Movement?

    Gandhi breaking the salt law in Dandi

  • What were the outcomes of the Satyagrahas organized by Gandhi?

    Success and regional limitations

  • What were the key events during the Civil Disobedience Movement?

    Gandhi's Dandi March, nationwide protests, and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact

Related videos

Summary

00:00

"Rise of Indian Nationalism: Gandhi's Movements"

  • Introduction to the session with greetings and checking if participants can see and hear the speaker
  • Mention of the Akash National Talent Hunt Exam (ANTHE) and its benefits, encouraging registration
  • Transition to discussing the concept capsule on the rise of nationalism in India
  • Reference to a previous session on nationalism in Europe and encouraging viewers to watch it
  • Explanation that the current session will cover the rise of nationalism in India
  • Overview of the two Gandhian movements to be discussed: Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
  • Comparison of the time span covered in the European nationalism session (a century) to the Indian nationalism session (10-15 years)
  • Expressing excitement about discussing the chapter and its significance in Indian history
  • Outline of the roadmap for the session: discussing how Congress developed the movements, people's reactions and participation, and the sense of collective belonging
  • Background information on the period before the Non-Cooperation Movement, including World War I's impact on India and Gandhi's arrival from South Africa in 1915
  • Introduction to Gandhi's concept of Satyagraha as a non-violent struggle for truth and justice
  • Mention of the three Satyagrahas organized by Gandhi in Champaran (1917), Kheda (1918), and Ahmedabad (1918) for indigo plantation workers, peasants against land revenue, and industrial workers respectively
  • Highlighting the success and regional limitations of these Satyagrahas.

16:33

Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement Unites India

  • Gandhi realized the need for a unifying force in the country, leading to the idea of the non-cooperation movement.
  • The non-cooperation movement began after the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919, which was against the Rowlatt Act.
  • The Rowlatt Act allowed the British to imprison individuals without trial, sparking widespread anger.
  • The movement grew nationwide, prompting the British to impose martial law in various cities, including Amritsar.
  • The tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar on April 13, 1919, led to widespread violence and the eventual end of the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
  • Gandhi's non-cooperation movement aimed to unite the country by boycotting foreign goods and institutions.
  • In towns and cities, people boycotted foreign goods, promoted Khadi, and left British institutions, but the movement eventually waned due to lack of alternatives.
  • In the countryside, the Gudem Hills movement, led by Alluri Sitarama Raju, protested against the Madras Forest Act, which restricted tribal access to resources.
  • Raju advocated for Gandhian principles like wearing Gandhi caps and abstaining from alcohol, aligning with Gandhi's ideas.
  • The non-cooperation movement sought to unify people from all walks of life, with different regions participating for various reasons, ultimately aiming to weaken British rule in India.

33:05

Gandhi's Salt March Sparks Independence Movement

  • Alluri Sitaram Raju believed in guerrilla warfare and violence for the movement's cause, leading to his capture and death, causing the movement in the Gudem Hills to fade away.
  • In the town of Ours, Baba Ramchandra led a movement against the abolition of begar, a system of forced labor by landlords, resulting in violent actions like looting and burning houses, leading to the Congress disapproval and the movement's decline.
  • In the Assam plantations, workers protested the Inland Immigration Act, restricting their movement, leading to many leaving the plantations, but facing capture and death, causing the movement to lose momentum.
  • The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, involving arson and clashes with the police, led to the non-cooperation movement's cancellation by Gandhi due to the violence.
  • The period between 1922 and 1930 saw significant events like the formation of the Swaraj Party in 1923, the Simon Commission's arrival in 1928 without Indian representation, and the call for Purna Swaraj in the 1929 Lahore Congress session.
  • Gandhi initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 by marching to Dandi on March 12th and breaking the salt law on April 6th, starting the movement.
  • Gandhi's letter to Lord Irwin demanding the abolition of the salt law was ignored, prompting him to start the Civil Disobedience Movement with the Dandi March.
  • The Dandi March culminated in Gandhi breaking the salt law on April 6th, 1930, marking the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
  • The Civil Disobedience Movement was initiated by Gandhi's Dandi March, where he made salt in defiance of the British salt law, sparking a nationwide movement.
  • Gandhi's act of breaking the salt law in Dandi on April 6th, 1930, was the catalyst for the Civil Disobedience Movement, a pivotal moment in India's fight for independence.

50:53

The Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931

  • The Civil Disobedience Movement began in 1931 as a response to Gandhi breaking the salt law, leading to nationwide protests and law-breaking.
  • The movement faced increased English strictness due to widespread revolt, resulting in the imprisonment of many political leaders, including Abdul Gafar Khan.
  • Gandhi negotiated with Lord Irwin, leading to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, where political prisoners would be freed in exchange for Gandhi calling off the Civil Disobedience Movement.
  • Gandhi participated in the Second Round Table Conference in December 1932, hoping for his demands to be met, but negotiations broke down upon his return.
  • The movement was relaunched in 1932 and continued until approximately 1934, losing momentum over time.
  • Rich peasants participated in the movement seeking a reduction in land revenue but did not achieve their goal, leading to their non-participation in the relaunch.
  • Poor peasants struggled against high rents but lacked support from Congress for their no rent campaign, resulting in the movement's decline.
  • Businessmen and industrialists sought protection against imports and a fair rupee-sterling ratio but withdrew from the movement due to disruptions and the rise of socialism within Congress.
  • Industrial workers, including railway workers in Nagpur and tin mine workers in the Chhotanagpur Plateau, faced low wages and poor conditions but were not supported by Congress, leading to limited participation and eventual withdrawal.
  • Women were inspired to participate in the movement but faced lack of support from Gandhi, causing their involvement to diminish. Muslims and Dalits did not participate due to feeling alienated from Congress and seeking separate electorates, respectively.
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