Nationalism in India Class 10 CBSE Social Science | Shimon Sir | V Master Tamil

Vedantu Master Tamil・2 minutes read

The text discusses the crucial aspects of the Nationalism in India chapter, highlighting Gandhi's leadership in movements like Civil Disobedience and Satyagraha, the impact of the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and key movements like Khilafat and Civil Disobedience. It also delves into the involvement of different social groups, the economic impact, and the role of women and Dalits in the independence movement.

Insights

  • Mahatma Gandhi's leadership in India's nationalist movements, using non-violent methods like Satyagraha, was pivotal in uniting Indians against British oppression.
  • The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in April 1919, where General Dyer ordered the firing upon peaceful civilians, led to widespread protests and brutal British repression, highlighting the violent consequences of resistance.
  • The Civil Disobedience movement initiated by Gandhi, particularly the Salt March of 1930, showcased the widespread participation of Indians in boycotting British goods and laws, leading to government crackdowns and arrests, emphasizing the escalating tension and resistance against colonial rule.

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Recent questions

  • Who was the leader of the Civil Disobedience movement?

    Mahatma Gandhi

  • What event led to the halt of the non-cooperation movement?

    Chauri Chaura incident

  • What was the demand made by Mahatma Gandhi in the Salt March?

    Abolition of the Salt Tax

  • What was the significance of the Khilafat Movement?

    Uniting Hindus and Muslims

  • What led to the formation of the Swaraj Party?

    Rejection of Dominion Status

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Summary

00:00

Nationalism in India: Gandhi's Nonviolent Resistance

  • The chapter on Nationalism in India is crucial for the Social Science Exam, with a high weightage.
  • Important dates like the Rowlatt Act of 1919 and the start of movements like Civil Disobedience are significant.
  • Mahatma Gandhi is the hero of the chapter, leading movements like Cooperation and Civil Disobedience.
  • Gandhi's methods of non-violent protest, like Satyagraha, were pivotal in uniting Indians against British oppression.
  • Gandhi's Satyagraha movements in places like Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmedabad were aimed at supporting oppressed groups.
  • The Rowlatt Act, passed by the British, allowed for the detention of political prisoners without trial, sparking opposition.
  • Gandhi's resistance to the Rowlatt Act led to protests like hartals and widespread demonstrations.
  • The British responded brutally to protests, leading to incidents like the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on April 13, 1919.
  • General Dyer's actions in Jallianwala Bagh, where he ordered the firing upon a peaceful gathering, resulted in a tragic loss of lives.
  • The aftermath of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre included widespread attacks, martial law imposition, and General Dyer's harsh rule.

16:30

Indian Independence Movement: Struggles and Progress

  • Over 400-500 people died in the Jalianwala Bagh massacre, with bullet marks still visible on the walls.
  • Dire aimed to create a moral effect through his actions, exemplifying his objective.
  • The government responded to protests with brutality and repression, leading to strikes, clashes, and attacks on government buildings.
  • Gandhi's Khilafat Movement aimed to unite Hindus and Muslims for a common cause.
  • The Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Caliph's temporal power.
  • Gandhi proposed a cooperation movement to boycott British goods and services, advocating for civil disobedience.
  • The movement saw participation from various social groups, including students, teachers, and lawyers.
  • The Justice Party in Madras, primarily consisting of Brahmins, participated in the council elections.
  • The non-cooperation movement led to the boycott of foreign goods, including liquor and cloth, promoting Indian textile production.
  • The cooperation movement faced challenges due to the lack of Indian schools and the high cost of Indian-made cloth, leading to its eventual downfall.

32:39

Indian Independence Movement: From Non-Cooperation to Poorna Swaraj

  • Begar Begarna works without cash, Bekar OK and Naithobi Puns ware Organist by Panchayat Naidopina Mudi, a washerman's life impacted by British rule.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru began visiting villages in June 1920, leading to the establishment of 300 Kisan Sabhas by October, with Baba Ramachandra and others.
  • The Congress leadership was displeased with the movement's development, as it involved attacks on houses and merchants, turning violent against Gandhi's non-violent principles.
  • Alluri Sitaram Raju, a folk hero, led a militant gorilla movement in Andhra Pradesh, attempting to achieve Swaraj through guerrilla warfare.
  • Plantation workers sought Swaraj to move freely, defying authorities and heading home, believing in Gandhiraj and land distribution, but were stopped by strikes and police brutality.
  • The movements were not part of the Congress program, but individuals interpreted Swaraj differently, with some linking their actions to Gandhi and Congress, aiming for national unity.
  • The Chauri Chaura incident in Uttar Pradesh led Gandhi to halt the non-cooperation movement due to violence, transitioning towards civil disobedience.
  • The Swaraj Party, led by CR Das and Motilal Nehru, formed within Congress to participate in council elections, while younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose advocated for radical independence.
  • Economic depression from 1926 to 1930 affected agriculture, leading to a global depression, while the Simon Commission's arrival in India faced protests from Congress and the Muslim League.
  • Lord Irwin's offer of Dominion Status in October 1929 was rejected by radicals like Jawaharlal Nehru, leading to the demand for Poorna Swaraj formalized by Nehru in the Lahore session of December 1929.

48:19

Gandhi's Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement

  • The demands made by various classes, from industrialists to peasants, were both general and specific, with the most significant being the abolition of the Salt Tax.
  • Mahatma Gandhi issued an ultimatum to the Viceroy to abolish the Salt Tax by March 11, threatening to launch a Civil Disobedience campaign if the demand was not met.
  • Gandhi initiated the Salt March on March 12, 1930, covering a distance of 240 miles over 24 days with 78 trusted volunteers.
  • Thousands of people across the country broke the Salt Law, boycotted foreign cloth, shut liquor shops, and violated forest laws as part of the Civil Disobedience movement.
  • The government responded with brutal repression, arresting Congress leaders and clashing violently with protesters.
  • Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a disciple of Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930, leading to further protests and violence.
  • Gandhi called off the Civil Disobedience movement after signing the Gandhi-Arvind Pact on March 5, 1931, agreeing to participate in a Round Table Conference in London.
  • Rich peasants supported the movement due to struggles against high taxes, while poor peasants faced challenges paying rent and received little support from Congress.
  • Industrialists initially supported the Civil Disobedience movement but withdrew after the failure of the Round Table Conference, fearing disruption of business and socialist influence.
  • The industrial working class, except in Nagpur, did not actively participate in the movement, with Congress prioritizing the interests of industrialists over workers. Women played a significant role in the movement, participating in marches, manufacturing salt, and facing arrest, despite not being given positions of authority by Gandhi.

01:04:13

Struggle for Independence: Unity and Identity

  • Gandhiji believed women should stay at home and take care of the household.
  • Women protested for symbolic presence and began serving the nation as a sacred duty.
  • Dalits did not participate in the civil disobedience movement due to Congress ignoring them.
  • Gandhiji supported Dalits, calling them Harijans and believed untouchability must be eliminated for Swaraj.
  • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organized Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.
  • Ambedkar clashed with Gandhiji over separate electorates for Dalits, leading to the Poona Pact in 1932.
  • Muslims felt alienated from Congress after non-cooperation, leading to communal clashes.
  • Hindu-Muslim communal clashes arose due to Congress aligning with Hindu nationalist groups.
  • The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded separate electorates for Muslims, which was rejected by Hindu Mahasabha.
  • Collective belonging develops through united struggle, folklore, songs, cultural processes, history, and symbols.
  • The identity of India became associated with the image of Bharat Mata, conceptualized by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.
  • Rabindranath Tagore led a folk revival movement in Bengal, collecting folklore and myths.
  • The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal had a tricolor flag representing Hindu-Muslim unity and the provinces of British India.
  • Gandhi designed a tricolor flag with a spinning wheel in the center in 1921.
  • Indians began rediscovering their history to instill pride and unity against colonial rule.
  • The Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, aimed to mobilize people for independence from colonial rule.
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