The History of the Ottoman Empire (All Parts) - 1299 - 1922

Knowledgia・2 minutes read

The Ottoman Empire lasted over 600 years, expanding through Europe, Asia, and Africa, with significant rulers like Osman I and Mehmed II leading conquests and territorial expansion, culminating in the Empire's fall and the rise of the Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal.

Insights

  • The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, lasted over 600 years, spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa, with its foundation laid by Osman I through raids against the Byzantine Empire.
  • Oran, Osman I's successor, strengthened Ottoman power by creating the Janissaries, leading to territorial expansion into Bursa and further conquests under Morad I, who focused on Europe.
  • The Ottoman Empire faced internal strife, civil wars, and diplomatic challenges, with successive rulers like Meed II, Sultan Saleem I, and Morad III navigating conflicts with European powers, Safavids, and internal rebellions, culminating in the Empire's eventual dissolution and the rise of the Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal.

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Recent questions

  • What was the Ottoman Empire?

    A vast empire spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa.

  • Who was the founder of the Ottoman Empire?

    Osman I.

  • What was the significance of the Janissaries?

    A paid and trained infantry army.

  • How did the Ottoman Empire expand its territory?

    By capturing various cities and territories.

  • What led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

    Various factors, including internal turmoil and external conflicts.

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Summary

00:00

"Rise and Expansion of the Ottoman Empire"

  • The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, lasted over 600 years, spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa.
  • Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire, rose to power around 1299 through raids against the Byzantine Empire.
  • Osman I established the first foundations of the Ottoman Empire by taking advantage of the disintegration of the Seljuk Dynasty.
  • Oran, Osman I's son and successor, strengthened the Ottoman power by creating a paid and trained infantry army known as the Janissaries.
  • Under Oran's reign, the Ottomans expanded their territory by capturing various cities and territories, including Bursa.
  • Following Oran's death, Morad I became the third Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and focused on expanding the Empire's control into Europe.
  • Morad I's conquests included Bulgaria, Serbia, and Constantinople, leading to the Ottomans becoming a dominant force in the region.
  • After Morad I's death, a civil war erupted among his sons, leading to a decade-long conflict known as the Ottoman Interregnum.
  • The civil war ended with Mehmed I emerging as the Sultan, uniting the divided Empire and consolidating power.
  • Mehmed I's reign faced challenges from internal dissent and external conflicts, culminating in his death in 1421 and the succession of his son, Murad II.

17:51

Meed II: Conqueror of Constantinople and Europe

  • Vlad Draal sent a small contingent under his eldest son to assist Hayat and his Crusaders, despite Morad holding Draal's two youngest sons as hostages.
  • Morad abdicated his throne to his son Meed II, who urged his father to return and lead their troops against Christian forces.
  • Morad returned to quell a Jary Revolt and faced Christian troops at the battlefield of Kosovo, defeating John Hayat and his army.
  • Morad addressed the issue of Sha Rock's son and gained command over leaders in the Churam Amasia region.
  • Meed II, later known as Meed the Conqueror, aimed to capture Constantinople, signing peace treaties with Hungary and Venice.
  • Meed led a campaign with around 880,000 troops, over 100 naval ships, and cannons, resulting in the fall of Constantinople.
  • Meed styled himself the Caesar of the Roman Empire, capturing remaining Byzantine states and pressing further into Europe.
  • Meed II had a complex relationship with Vlad III Dracula, showing respect and confidence in the Ottoman Empire during his rule.
  • Bazid II condemned the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain in 1492, relocating them to Ottoman territories and ensuring their welcome.
  • Sultan Saleem I succeeded Bazid II, defeating the Safid dynasty, annexing Egypt, and expanding the Ottoman Empire significantly.

36:53

"Ottoman Empire: Succession, Conflict, and Diplomacy"

  • Sultan Salim II passed away, leaving Morad III to rule over a period of conflict and decline in the Ottoman Empire.
  • Morad III seized Fez from the Portuguese in 1578 and expanded his authority in the Persian region.
  • A new surge of combat with Austria began, lasting into the following century, leading to an alliance between Ottoman vassals and Austrians.
  • The period of 1570 to 1590 saw hostilities with the Safavid dynasty and internal turmoil within the Ottoman borders.
  • Morad III secured a diplomatic relationship with Queen Elizabeth I of England, forming a trade agreement in 1581.
  • Morad III was succeeded by Meed III, who faced challenges from European vassals and the Austrian enemy.
  • Meed III faced revolts, signed the Treaty of Sitva Torak with Austria, and later the Treaty of Nasa Pasha with the Safavids.
  • Sultan Ahmed I succeeded Meed III, sparing his brother Mustafa from fratricide and focusing on the Ottoman-Safavid war.
  • Ahmed I faced ongoing conflicts, signed treaties with various European powers, and attempted to stabilize the Ottoman Empire.
  • Mustafa I, Ibrahim I, and Osman II succeeded Ahmed I, each facing internal turmoil, wars, and rebellions within the Empire.

55:05

Ottoman Empire: Riots, Wars, and Treaties

  • Protest in Constantinople led by soldiers and civilians escalated into riots.
  • Rebels arrested by Fazalah Affendi, turning against Edern.
  • Mustafa deposed on August 22, 1703, and Ahmed III became Sultan.
  • Ahmed III focused on improving Ottoman relations with England, France, and Sweden.
  • War declared on Russia in 1710, leading to a victory at the Prut River.
  • War declared on Venice in 1714, leading to the Ottomans seizing Moria.
  • Ustrot Turkish War of 1716-1718 led by Prince Eugene of Austria.
  • Treaty of Pasarowitz in 1718 ended the conflict, Ottomans gained Moria but lost territories to Austria.
  • Russo-Ottoman Treaty in June 1724 aimed to partition Safavid Iran.
  • Sultan Ahmed III deposed in 1730 due to a janissary mutiny, replaced by Mahmud I.

01:14:16

Ottoman Empire: Rise, Fall, and Transition

  • In 1861, the Ottoman Sultan recognized Lebanese autonomy under European pressure and died shortly after from tuberculosis.
  • Abdul Aziz succeeded his brother as the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, continuing reforms and westernization with French advice.
  • The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 ended in a decisive victory for Russia and its allies, leading to the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
  • Sultan Abdul Aziz was dethroned before the war, with Sultan Abdul Hamid II tasked with resolving Balkan unrest.
  • The Young Turk Revolution in 1908 led to the restoration of a constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire.
  • The Ottomans faced the Balkan Wars in 1912, leading to significant territorial losses and the Italo-Turkish War in 1911.
  • The Ottoman Empire entered World War I in 1914 as part of the Triple Alliance, facing revolts and growing Arab uprisings.
  • The Armistice of Mudros in 1918 ended Turkish involvement in WWI, marking the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's decline.
  • The Treaty of Sevres in 1920 led to the occupation of Constantinople and the eventual abolition of the Ottoman Empire, replaced by the Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal.
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