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CBSE Class 11 Chemistry || Organic Chemistry Part-1 || Full Chapter || By Shiksha House

Best for NEET・2 minutes read

Organic chemistry studies the formation and properties of organic compounds, which are formed by carbon bonding with other elements. The naming of organic compounds is done through systems like the common/trivial system and the IUPAC system, with functional groups playing a crucial role in determining compound properties.

Insights

  • Carbon's ability to form long chains or rings through catenation allows for the creation of diverse organic compounds by bonding with elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
  • The naming and classification of organic compounds, crucial in organic chemistry, follow systematic rules such as the IUPAC system, which considers factors like carbon chain length, functional groups, and substituents to provide standardized and precise nomenclature for these complex molecules.

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Recent questions

  • What are organic compounds?

    Organic compounds are formed by carbon bonding with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements. They can be obtained from plants and animals.

  • How are organic compounds named?

    Organic compounds are named using a system called nomenclature, with two main systems being the common/trivial system and the IUPAC system. The IUPAC system provides systematic and standardized names based on a logical set of rules.

  • What role do functional groups play in organic compounds?

    Functional groups in organic compounds play a crucial role in determining their properties. They are responsible for the chemical reactivity and behavior of the compound.

  • What are position isomers?

    Position isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but differing in the position of substituents or functional groups. An example is propane, where the functional group OH is attached to either the first or second carbon atom, resulting in propane-1-ol and propane-2-ol.

  • What are functional isomers?

    Functional isomers have the same molecular formula but different functional groups. For instance, propanone and propanal are functional isomers with the formula C3H6O, where one has a ketone group and the other an aldehyde group. Other examples include alcohols and ethers, or cyanides and isocyanides.

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Summary

00:00

"Carbon's Role in Organic Chemistry Compounds"

  • Carbon is tetravalent and can bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains or rings, known as catenation.
  • Organic compounds are formed by carbon bonding with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements.
  • Organic chemistry studies the formation and properties of organic compounds.
  • Examples of organic compounds include DNA, clothing materials like nylon, hydrocarbons, polymers, dyes, and medicines.
  • Organic compounds can be obtained from plants and animals, while inorganic compounds come from nonliving resources like minerals.
  • The vital force theory suggested that organic compounds are produced only by living organisms, but this was later disproven.
  • Carbon forms four covalent bonds due to its valence shell electronic configuration.
  • Hybridization of s and p orbitals explains the shapes of molecules like methane and ethylene.
  • SP hybrid orbitals have the highest bond strength and shortest bond length, followed by SP2 and SP3.
  • Organic compounds can be represented by Lewis structures, condensed structural formulas, bond line structures, and 3D models.

26:38

Naming Alkanes: IUPAC vs Trivial System

  • Alkanes form a homologous series, with methane, ethane, propane, and butane being the first four members.
  • The naming of organic compounds is done through a system called nomenclature, with two main systems being the common/trivial system and the IUPAC system.
  • The trivial system assigns names based on sources and properties, while the IUPAC system is a logical set of rules for naming compounds.
  • IUPAC names consist of three parts: root word, suffix, and prefix, with the root word indicating the carbon chain length.
  • Suffixes in IUPAC names indicate the nature of the carbon chain (saturated or unsaturated) and the functional group present.
  • Primary and secondary prefixes are used in IUPAC names to differentiate cyclic and acyclic compounds and functional groups.
  • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen, with alkanes being saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds.
  • Alkanes can be named using the trivial system or the IUPAC system, with the latter providing systematic and standardized names.
  • Branched-chain alkanes are named by selecting the longest carbon chain, numbering it to give branches the lowest numbers, and naming alkyl groups attached to branches.
  • Complex substituents are numbered starting from the carbon atom attached to the parent chain, with prefixes like iso-, sec-, and tert- used for complex alkyl groups.

53:33

Functional Groups Determine Compound Naming

  • ECAL group attached to current position of cyclohexane
  • Compound named 3-1,1-dimethyl cyclohexene with two methyl groups at position one
  • Incorrect naming due to functional group determining properties of molecule
  • Functional groups play crucial role in determining compound properties
  • Organic compounds organized into classes based on functional groups
  • Various functional group prefixes and suffixes assigned for classification
  • Steps to assign names to compounds based on functional groups
  • Principle functional group selected based on priority for naming compounds
  • Naming compounds with multiple functional groups
  • Naming compounds with multiple substituents on benzene ring based on positions and prefixes

01:17:36

Isomers: Position vs. Functional Differences Explained

  • Position isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but differing in the position of substituents or functional groups. An example is propane, where the functional group OH is attached to either the first or second carbon atom, resulting in propane-1-ol and propane-2-ol.
  • Functional isomers have the same molecular formula but different functional groups. For instance, propanone and propanal are functional isomers with the formula C3H6O, where one has a ketone group and the other an aldehyde group. Other examples include alcohols and ethers, or cyanides and isocyanides.
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