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IUPAC Nomenclature 01 | Some Basic Principles and Techniques | Chapter 12 | Class 11 | JEE | NEET |

Physics Wallah - Alakh Pandey・2 minutes read

Organic chemistry involves the classification and representation of compounds, focusing on carbon and its connections to other elements. The text emphasizes the importance of determining the degree of carbon atoms in organic compounds to understand their structure and functional groups.

Insights

  • Organic Chemistry is defined as the chemistry of life and involves compounds containing carbon along with other elements, with the ability of carbon to self-link forming long chains.
  • Recognizing the degree of carbon atoms in organic compounds is vital, as it determines the number of connections and hydrogens, helping classify primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbons essential for structural analysis.

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  • What is organic chemistry?

    The chemistry of life.

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Summary

00:00

"Organic Chemistry: Life's Mysterious Chemistry"

  • Lecture on Basic Organic Chemistry in PACE series
  • Organic Chemistry defined as the chemistry of life
  • Organic compounds classified from living and non-living sources
  • Early belief that organic compounds couldn't be synthesized in labs
  • Definition of organic compounds: contain carbon with other elements
  • Catenation property of carbon allows self-linking forming long chains
  • Barjilay introduced the concept of Vital Force in organic compounds
  • Vitalism theory associated with the presence of mysterious forces in organic compounds
  • Kolb synthesized acetic acid in 1845, followed by methane in 1858
  • Representation of organic compounds: molecular formula, Lewis structure, condensed formula, parcel condensed formula, and bond line structure

13:04

Carbon Degree and Hydrogen Calculation in Molecules

  • The 'h' should be shown if there is an 'A' in the hetero atom, and it should be represented on carbon.
  • When representing hetero atoms, if there is an 'A', it should not be shown.
  • A zigzag structure should be created for one, two, and three carbons, with O placed on the carbon where it is attached.
  • The double bond O should be represented near the carbon with CO and H attached.
  • The degree of a carbon refers to the number of carbons directly connected to it.
  • The degree of a carbon can be classified as primary (1 degree), secondary (2 degree), tertiary (3 degree), or quaternary (4 degree).
  • The number of hydrogens on a carbon can be determined by multiplying the number of degree carbons by three.
  • The degree of a carbon determines the number of hydrogens directly attached to it.
  • A carbon with four directly connected carbons will not have any hydrogens attached.
  • The degree of a carbon can be calculated by counting the number of carbons directly connected to it.
  • The degree of a carbon can be determined by multiplying the number of degree carbons by the corresponding factor (1, 2, or 3).
  • The structure of a molecule should be represented in a zigzag form, with hetero atoms and bonds clearly indicated.
  • The degree of each carbon in a molecule should be identified and classified accordingly.
  • The number of hydrogens on each carbon can be calculated based on the degree of the carbon.
  • The process of determining the degree of a carbon and the corresponding number of hydrogens is straightforward and essential in organic chemistry.

26:34

Understanding Degrees of Carbon Atoms in Chemistry

  • The text discusses the concept of degrees in carbon atoms, emphasizing the number of connections to determine the degree.
  • It explains that terminal carbons are always at 1 degree due to being at the end of a chain.
  • The text highlights the process of identifying the degree of carbon atoms based on the number of connections.
  • It mentions the significance of understanding the degrees of carbon atoms in organic chemistry.
  • The text introduces the idea of zero-degree carbon, which has no other carbon connected to it.
  • It emphasizes the importance of recognizing primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbons in organic compounds.
  • The text provides guidance on creating simple alkanes with specific types of carbon atoms, such as primary or secondary.
  • It explains the distinction between alkanes and cycloalkanes based on their structures.
  • The text delves into determining the degree of alcohol based on the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached.
  • It concludes by testing the reader's understanding of determining the degree of alcohol in various organic compounds.

39:08

Organic Compound Classification Based on Structure

  • When a carbon is connected to O and another carbon, it is referred to as 2 degree alcohol, but if connected to a benzene ring, it is phenol, not an alcohol.
  • If O is directly attached to a benzene ring, it is phenol and its degree is not defined, but if benzene is connected to O through another carbon, it can be defined as alcohol.
  • The degree of halogen is determined by the carbon to which it is connected, similar to alcohol.
  • Alkynes are named based on the degree of the carbon directly connected to nitrogen.
  • The degree of amine is determined by the number of carbons directly connected to nitrogen.
  • A 4-degree amine is actually a quarter ammonium salt when nitrogen forms four bonds.
  • The degree of amine is based on the number of carbons connected to nitrogen, not the same as alcohol or halide.
  • Organic compounds can be classified as acyclic (open chain) or cyclic (homocyclic or heterocyclic).
  • Saturated compounds have single carbon-carbon bonds, while unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds or bonds with hetero elements like oxygen or nitrogen.
  • The classification of organic compounds involves considering the structure and bonds between carbon atoms and other elements.

52:28

"Organic Compound Structures: Homocyclic vs Heterocyclic"

  • Homocyclic compounds consist of a carbon cycle with varying numbers of carbons, ranging from three to seven.
  • Heterocyclic compounds involve a cycle with a hetero element like oxygen or nitrogen alongside carbon.
  • Homocyclic compounds can be either eli cyclic or carbo cyclic, with examples like cyclopropane representing eli cyclic.
  • Aromatic compounds in homocyclic structures feature benzene groups, denoted by names like benzene ide.
  • Aromatic compounds can be benzene ide or non-benzene ide, with further details to be studied gradually.
  • Heterocyclic compounds can be elle cyclic or aromatic, with aromatic compounds involving nitrogen replacing a carbon in a benzene ring.
  • THF, or tetrahydrofuran, exemplifies a heterocyclic compound with oxygen as the hetero element.
  • Homo cyclic compounds like phenol consist of benzene id structures, with all carbons forming the ring.
  • Understanding the degree of carbons in organic compounds aids in identifying secondary hydrogen atoms, crucial for structural analysis.
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