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Alcohol Phenol and Ethers Class 12 One Shot | NEET 2024 | Nitesh Devnani

NEET Adda247・136 minutes read

The challenge focuses on organic chemistry topics for 12th-grade students, covering alcohol, phenol, and ether, with a special NEET 2025 batch available until March 31st. Practical sessions will include alcohol functional groups, alcohol preparation methods, and the impact of steric hindrance on reaction rates in various processes.

Insights

  • The challenge focuses on 12th-grade organic chemistry, with specific topics for each day and a target of 40 marks.
  • Enrollment for a special NEET 2025 batch is open until March 31st, offering access to various resources like video solutions and test series.
  • Detailed discussions on alcohol preparation methods like acid-catalyzed hydration, Oxymercuration-Demercuration, and Hydroboration-Oxidation are provided.
  • The text emphasizes the importance of steric hindrance and electron donating groups in reactions, affecting reactivity and product formation.
  • Various reactions and mechanisms, such as Grignard reactions, esterification, oxidation of alcohols, and synthesis of phenol, ethers, and aldehydes, are explained in detail.

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Recent questions

  • What is the process of alcohol preparation?

    The process of alcohol preparation involves three main methods: acid-catalyzed hydration, Oxymercuration-Demercuration, and Hydroboration-Oxidation. Acid-catalyzed hydration includes the addition of water with reagents like dilute H2SO4 or H3O+, leading to carbo cation formation, rearrangements, and hydride shifts for stable carbocations. Oxymercuration-Demercuration follows the anti-addition method, applying the Marconicoff rule to direct the negative part where hydrogen is less. Hydroboration-Oxidation involves the addition of water in a casual manner, resulting in sin addition. Each method has specific conditions and outcomes in alcohol preparation.

  • How are Grignard reagents utilized in reactions?

    Grignard reagents are used in reactions by reacting with different compounds, particularly aldehydes, to form alcohols. The structure of Grignard reagent includes charges that interact with the reactants, leading to the formation of specific alcohols based on the reactants used. The reactivity of Grignard reactions is influenced by factors like electron withdrawing groups and steric hindrance, impacting the rate of reaction. Understanding the mechanisms and reactivity of Grignard reagents is crucial in organic chemistry reactions.

  • What are the key points in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

    The reduction of aldehydes and ketones involves three main reducing agents: Lithium Aluminum Hydride, NaBH4, and hydrogen with a catalyst. This process typically includes the addition of hydrogen to the compound, transforming aldehydes and ketones into alcohols. The reduction follows a two-step process of breaking a bond and adding hydrogen to form alcohols. Differentiating between strong and weak oxidizing agents is essential in determining the outcome of the reduction process for aldehydes and ketones.

  • How does esterification occur in organic chemistry?

    Esterification reactions involve the formation of esters from acids and alcohols, catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid. The concentrated sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst, facilitating the removal of water to form esters. The rate of formation of carbocation intermediates influences the overall reaction rate in esterification reactions. Understanding the mechanisms and conditions of esterification is crucial in predicting the products formed and the efficiency of the reaction.

  • What is the Williamson Ether Synthesis mechanism?

    Williamson Ether Synthesis follows an SN2 mechanism, with a preference for 1-degree alkyl halides. Breaking the bond in Williamson Ether Synthesis results in the formation of ethers, with the degree of alkyl halide determining whether SN2 or elimination occurs. Symmetrical ethers have identical alkyl groups, while unsymmetrical ethers have different alkyl groups. Resonance plays a significant role in determining the bond character and stability of compounds in Williamson Ether Synthesis reactions. Understanding the mechanisms and outcomes of Williamson Ether Synthesis is essential in organic chemistry reactions.

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Summary

00:00

"Organic Chemistry Challenge: NEET 2025 Prep"

  • The challenge is focused on organic chemistry for 12th-grade students, with a target of approximately 40 marks.
  • Day two of the challenge covers the study of alcohol, phenol, and ether.
  • The preparation for aldehyde, ketones, and carboxylic acids is planned for day three.
  • A special batch for NEET 2025 targets is introduced, with enrollment available until March 31st using the code GNT 77.
  • The Maha Pack offer includes access to all future batches, test series, video solutions, and NEET Sanchit.
  • Practical chemistry sessions are scheduled for an hour in April.
  • The lecture focuses on alcohol functional groups, distinguishing between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.
  • Three methods for alcohol preparation are discussed: acid-catalyzed hydration, Oxymercuration-Demercuration, and Hydroboration-Oxidation.
  • Acid-catalyzed hydration involves the addition of water with reagents like dilute H2SO4 or H3O+.
  • The process includes carbo cation formation, potential rearrangements, and hydride shifts for stable carbocations.

12:49

Hydroboration-Oxidation: Water Addition for Alcohol Formation

  • The third step involves the edition of water.
  • The addition of water results in the formation of a 3° alcohol.
  • The process includes the rearrangement of carbocation.
  • Oxymercuration-demercuration (OMDM) is utilized in the reaction.
  • The reaction follows the anti-addition method.
  • Marconicoff rule is applied, directing the negative part to where hydrogen is less.
  • The source of - ion is water (H2O), while hydrogen (H+) is sourced from NaBH4.
  • Deuteration (D2O) is discussed, highlighting the isotropic effect.
  • The reaction involves hydroboration-oxidation.
  • The addition of water is done in a casual manner, resulting in sin addition.

26:43

"Chemistry: Anti-Markovnikov Rule and Grignard Reactions"

  • The text discusses the concept of anti-Markovnikov rule in chemistry, emphasizing the role of hydrogen atoms in reactions.
  • It mentions the importance of following the rule and how it affects the distribution of hydrogen atoms.
  • The text highlights the presence of three hydrogen atoms in a specific scenario and the need to add them accordingly.
  • It explains the process of adding water in different ways and the significance of the method in reactions.
  • The text delves into the formation of Grignard reagent and its reaction with different compounds.
  • It details the structure of Grignard reagent and the charges associated with it.
  • The text elaborates on the reaction between Grignard reagent and aldehydes, leading to the formation of alcohols.
  • It emphasizes the degree of alcohol formed based on the reactants used in the reaction.
  • The text discusses the factors influencing the rate of reaction in Grignard reactions, such as electron withdrawing groups and steric hindrance.
  • It presents questions related to the reactivity of different compounds and the impact of steric hindrance on reaction rates.

41:07

Steric hindrance influences reactivity in reduction reactions.

  • The reactivity of a compound is influenced by steric hindrance, with more steric hindrance leading to lower reactivity.
  • Reduction reactions involve three reducing agents: Lithium Aluminum Hydride, NaBH4, and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
  • Reduction reactions typically involve the addition of hydrogen to a compound, transforming aldehydes and ketones into alcohols.
  • Reduction of aldehydes and ketones follows a two-step process, breaking a bond and adding hydrogen to form alcohols.
  • Carbonyl functional groups like acid halides can be reduced using reducing agents like Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
  • Esterification reactions involve the formation of esters from acids and alcohols, catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid.
  • Concentrated sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst in esterification reactions, facilitating the removal of water to form esters.
  • Isotopes like oxygen-18 can be used to differentiate between normal and isotopic forms of compounds in reactions.
  • Esterification reactions depend on the rate of formation of carbocation intermediates, influencing the overall reaction rate.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of reactions like esterification can provide insights into the formation of products without delving into detailed mechanisms.

56:49

Esterification Mechanisms and Reaction Rates Explained

  • 30 days left in the last 40 days, teaching mechanism and answering questions on Carbo Esterification Intermediate.
  • Discussing stability in carbo cutting and electron donating group effects on cation stabilization.
  • Explaining the relationship between electron donating groups and reaction rates.
  • Detailing the impact of steric hindrance on reaction rates with respect to alcohol.
  • Comparing rates of esterification based on electron donating and withdrawing groups.
  • Analyzing the dominance of resonance effects in reactions.
  • Explaining the impact of branching on reactivity due to steric hindrance.
  • Clarifying the concept of major and minor products in reactions.
  • Describing the Lux Reagent Test and its role in replacing oxygen with chlorine.
  • Outlining the Dehydration Reaction, differentiating between E1 and E2 reactions based on reagents and mechanisms.

01:13:01

Carbo Katan 2 Degree Formation and Oxidation

  • Jaffe and Hoffman are being made, with one being major and the other minor.
  • The process involves removing o from Carbo Katan to create Carbo Katan 2 degree.
  • Carbo reduction of 2 degrees occurs, followed by rearrangement and methyl shift.
  • Hydrogen removal leads to the creation of a major product.
  • Different reagents determine the outcome of the process, with E1 and E2 variations.
  • Under acidic conditions and heating, stable alkene is formed without rearrangement.
  • Strong oxidizing agents convert 1 degree alcohol to aldehyde, while weak oxidants convert it to aldehyde.
  • Strong oxidizing agents convert 2 degree alcohol to ketones, with no reaction to weak oxidants.
  • A list of strong oxidants includes KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, CrO3, H2SO4, and concentrated HNO3.
  • MNO2 is a mild oxidizing agent that specifically oxidizes alike carbons in aldehydes.

01:29:04

Chemical Reactions Leading to Phenol Formation

  • Aniline is converted into nitrous acid when inserted nano2 and hclo2 or hno2.
  • Benzene Dizone Chloride is formed when aniline is converted into nitrous acid, stable at 0 to 5 °C.
  • Benzene Dizone Chloride reacts with water to release nitrogen gas and form phenol.
  • V2o5 is used to oxidize benzene into phenol.
  • The Dows process involves nucleophilic aromatic substitution, with chlorobenzene reacting to form A A A A.
  • Electron withdrawing groups like no2 make reactions faster, inversely proportional to electron donating groups.
  • Sodium phenoxide is formed when phenol reacts with water.
  • Cumin hydro pox id is an intermediate in the reaction to produce phenol from cumin.
  • Phenol is acidic due to the hydrogen attached to oxygen, directly proportional to electron withdrawal groups.
  • Dilute hno3 leads to mono substitution of no2, while concentrated hno3 results in tri substitution.

01:46:02

Phenol to Salicyl Aldehyde: Mechanism Revealed

  • Phenol reacts with chloroform under basic conditions
  • Chloroform extracts hydrogen from phenol, forming salicyl aldehyde
  • Salicyl aldehyde formation involves ortho and para positions
  • Ortho position is major product due to hydrogen bonding
  • Mechanism includes formation of di chloro carbon intermediate
  • Di chloro carbon is electron deficient and acts as an electrophile
  • Sodium phenoxide is formed, leading to carbon attack and aromatic compound formation
  • Aromatic compound conversion to benzene through hydrogen shift
  • Subsequent reaction with Na2 results in sn2 reaction, replacing chlorine with oxygen
  • Final product is salicyl aldehyde, with key points being carbon hybridization, Toto Marise, and sn2 reaction.

02:02:57

Formation of Ethers and Alkynes Explained

  • Para major is formed when the ortho position is occupied, leading to instability if blocked.
  • Repulsion occurs when three groups become too close due to ortho positions being filled.
  • If three chlorines are present, using two will result in the formation of three oxygens.
  • The temperature-dependent dehydration of alcohol at 170 degrees Celsius produces ethers.
  • At 140 degrees Celsius, ethers are formed, while at 110 degrees Celsius, alkynes are produced.
  • Williamson Ether Synthesis follows an SN2 mechanism, with a preference for 1-degree alkyl halides.
  • Breaking the bond in Williamson Ether Synthesis results in the formation of ethers.
  • The degree of alkyl halide determines whether SN2 or elimination occurs in Williamson Ether Synthesis.
  • If a 3-degree alkyl halide is used, a mixture of SN2 and elimination products is obtained.
  • In the preparation of ethers, symmetrical ethers have identical alkyl groups, while unsymmetrical ethers have different alkyl groups.

02:19:50

Challenges in Williamson Ether Synthesis Reactions

  • Williamson's Synthesis does not work with certain compounds, specifically those that do not give Williamson ether synthesis.
  • Compounds that do not undergo elimination are considered best for Williamson Ether Synthesis.
  • The first category of compounds that will not give synthesis includes 3-degree alkyl alides.
  • The second category involves partial double bonds, which prevent Williamson ether synthesis.
  • Resonance plays a crucial role in determining the bond character and stability of compounds.
  • Chlorobenzene undergoes resonance, affecting the outcome of reactions like Williamson ether synthesis.
  • Halogens on the bridgehead can complicate reactions due to steric hindrance.
  • The reaction with Ag2O can lead to the formation of ether, with dry Ag2O producing ether and moist Ag2O yielding alcohol.
  • The reaction with H can result in either SN1 or SN2 reactions, depending on the stability of carbocations and steric hindrance.
  • Understanding the degrees of carbons and the stability of carbocations is essential in predicting the type of reaction, whether SN1 or SN2.

02:36:30

Resonance, Bonds, and Stable Carbons: Chemistry Insights

  • The lone pair going into resonance affects the formation of partial double bonds.
  • Breaking the bond in resonance leads to the formation of phenol.
  • Avoiding breaking bonds prevents the formation of partial double bonds.
  • Hydrolase of ester involves adding water to cause a reaction for stable carbon harvesting.
  • The reaction involving stable carbon harvesting results in more stable carbons at 3 degrees.
  • Electro Aromatic Substitution reactions direct electrophiles to ortho or para positions.
  • Friedel Crafts reactions lead electrophiles to ortho or para positions.
  • Reactions with PCl5 involve attacking 2-degree carbons.
  • Completing the day's challenge involves targeting 12 marks.
  • Aldehyde ketones reactions like Cannizzaro, Aldol, and Tollen's will be covered in the next session.

02:54:22

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