Human Health and Disease in One Shot | 1 Day 1 Chapter | NEET 2024 | Seep Pahuja

Unacademy NEET・2 minutes read

The chapter on "Human Health and Disease" details common diseases, immunity functions, and AIDS, Cancer, and Drugs, emphasizing symptoms, types, and maintaining health. The chapter explores the impact of HIV/AIDS, cancer, and drug abuse on the human body, highlighting key concepts for maintaining overall well-being.

Insights

  • The chapter "Human Health and Disease" is divided into three parts focusing on diseases, immunity, and AIDS, Cancer, and Drugs, crucial for understanding symptoms, types of diseases, and health maintenance.
  • AIDS, caused by HIV, affects the immune system and has led to around 25 million deaths globally in the last 25 years, with HIV-1 being predominant in India.
  • HIV impacts the body by undergoing reverse transcription, converting RNA into DNA, and affecting macrophages and T helper cells, decreasing immunity.
  • Anti retroviral therapy, not a cure for AIDS, aims to prolong life by administering drugs like ado thymet and ado thiamet, extending lifespan by three years.
  • Immunity involves innate and acquired mechanisms, with barriers like skin and mucus protecting against pathogens, and lymphoid organs playing a crucial role in antibody production and immune response.

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Recent questions

  • What is AIDS?

    A retroviral disease affecting the immune system.

  • How does cancer spread?

    Through uncontrolled cell division and metastasis.

  • What is immunity?

    Body's ability to fight infections.

  • How is HIV transmitted?

    Through body fluids like blood and semen.

  • What are the symptoms of malaria?

    Fever, chills, and sweating every few days.

Related videos

Summary

00:00

Understanding Human Health: Diseases, Immunity, AIDS

  • The chapter being discussed is "Human Health and Disease," focusing on diseases and disorders.
  • The chapter is divided into three parts: diseases, immunity, and AIDS, Cancer, and Drugs.
  • The first part covers common diseases, the second part discusses immunity, and the third part delves into AIDS, Cancer, and Drugs.
  • The chapter is crucial for understanding symptoms of diseases, types of diseases, and maintaining health.
  • AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, affecting the immune system and causing multiple symptoms across various body systems.
  • AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a retrovirus with two single-stranded RNAs and a protein matrix.
  • The first reported case of AIDS was in 1981, leading to around 25 million deaths globally in the last 25 years.
  • HIV-1 is more common than HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the predominant type in India.
  • HIV undergoes reverse transcription, converting RNA into DNA, and impacts the human body through its structure and mode of action.
  • Detailed hand-written notes and super notes will be provided to aid in understanding the structure of the virus and its impact on the human body.

15:13

Understanding HIV: Transmission, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  • Dungi Super Notes from NCERT provide a comprehensive overview of NCERT content, ensuring a stress-free study experience.
  • The protein matrix inside a protein capsule is discussed, with a focus on single-stranded RNA and the presence of a phospholipid layer.
  • Glycoproteins GP120 and GP41, along with a bilayer of phospholipids, form the envelope of the virus.
  • Enzymes like Reverse Transcriptase, Protease, and Integrase play crucial roles in converting viral DNA to human DNA and synthesizing viral proteins.
  • HIV impacts macrophages and T helper cells, leading to a decrease in immunity and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
  • HIV transmission occurs through unprotected sexual contact, blood transfusion, needle sharing, and mother-to-child transmission.
  • Risk factors for HIV include unprotected sex, multiple partners, drug use, and blood transfusions.
  • AIDS does not spread through casual contact but through body fluids like blood and semen.
  • The incubation period for HIV can range from a few months to several years, with symptoms like fever, diarrhea, and weight loss.
  • Diagnostic tests like ELISA and Western Blotting are essential for confirming HIV infection, with PCR being a useful tool for early detection.

30:01

"Promoting HIV Prevention and Cancer Awareness"

  • Art Therapy Art is a program distinct from Assisted Reproductive Technology, focusing on Anti Retroviral Therapy.
  • Anti retroviral therapy involves administering drugs to patients to enhance their lifespan, typically extending it by three years.
  • The therapy does not offer a cure but aims to prolong life, with drugs like ado thymet and ado thiamet commonly used.
  • To prevent the spread of HIV, individuals are advised to avoid unprotected sexual contact, use barrier methods, and ensure safe practices like needle sterilization.
  • Organizations like NACO in India and various NGOs, along with WHO programs, work to raise awareness and educate people about HIV prevention.
  • World AIDS Day is celebrated on December 1st to promote awareness and encourage discussions in various media platforms.
  • Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division, leading to the formation of tumors that can be benign or malignant.
  • Benign tumors remain localized and are less dangerous, while malignant tumors spread to other body parts, a process known as metastasis.
  • Carcinogens, including physical agents like ionizing radiation and chemical agents like tobacco, can contribute to the development of cancer.
  • Awareness campaigns, like those featuring Akshay Kumar, aim to educate the public about the risks associated with tobacco consumption and the importance of early detection and prevention.

44:59

Preventing Cancer: Awareness, Detection, and Treatment

  • A good human should not engage in certain activities before becoming a doctor.
  • It is crucial to be aware of harmful practices and substances, such as tobacco and mustard gas.
  • The use of Kangri, a traditional Kashmiri practice involving a coal-filled pot, can lead to cancer due to smoke exposure.
  • Cancer can also be caused by biological agents like viruses that activate cancer cells.
  • Detection of cancer involves various tests, including biopsies, histopathological studies, and blood tests.
  • Imaging techniques like CT scans and MRIs are used for cancer detection.
  • Treatment methods for cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biological response modification.
  • Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs like Vinblastine and Vin Cristine obtained from plants like Catharanthus roseus.
  • Drug abuse can be dangerous, and certain drugs like opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids have specific effects on the body.
  • Cannabinoids, found in Cannabis sativa, affect the nervous system and cardiovascular system when inhaled or ingested.

01:00:23

"Exploring Euphoria: Achievements, Stimulants, and Observations"

  • Extreme happiness is akin to being on cloud nine, achieved through significant accomplishments.
  • Dopamine euphoria is a form of extreme happiness that brings pride to parents.
  • People sometimes fake euphoria, akin to discarding coca alkaloid after consumption.
  • Pursuing temporary feelings of euphoria without understanding can lead to stimulant use.
  • Stimulants like snow can boost energy levels but also cause leucine.
  • Black Panther advises using less makeup, emphasizing observation skills.
  • Observation skills are crucial, with open expression being commendable.
  • Opioid ids, like morphine, impact the CNS and GI tract, derived from the poppy plant.
  • Morphine, a sedative and painkiller, is crucial post-surgery for pain management.
  • Nicotine, a stimulant in tobacco, can lead to various health issues like cancer and heart diseases.

01:15:06

Adolescence: Changes, Risks, and Immunity

  • Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood, occurring from ages 12 to 18.
  • During adolescence, significant behavioral and biological changes take place due to puberty.
  • Adolescents may turn to drugs due to boredom, peer pressure, or curiosity, leading to addiction.
  • Addiction involves a psychological attachment to the effects of substances like alcohol or drugs.
  • Withdrawal symptoms, such as shakiness, sweating, and nausea, occur when dependent individuals stop using drugs.
  • Alcohol abuse can lead to respiratory failure, brain hemorrhage, and other severe health issues.
  • Sharing needles for drug use can transmit diseases like AIDS and hepatitis B.
  • Anabolic steroids, used by some athletes to enhance performance, can have severe side effects.
  • Anabolic steroid use can lead to physical changes like acne, mood swings, and infertility.
  • Immunity is the body's ability to fight infections, with innate immunity being present from birth and providing non-specific protection.

01:29:53

Types of Barriers and Immune Responses

  • There are four types of barriers: physical, physiological, cellular, and cytokinetics.
  • The skin acts as the first barrier, with the stratum corneum protecting against external threats.
  • Mucus linings in various tracts help trap bacteria and viruses.
  • The respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts share a common feature of being in contact with the external environment.
  • Physiological barriers involve the secretion of acids and fluids in the body to combat pathogens.
  • Cellular barriers include cells like neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells that aid in destroying microbes.
  • Cytokinetics involves the release of antiviral proteins to protect non-affected cells from viral attacks.
  • Acquired immunity is specific to each individual, with memory cells remembering previous infections.
  • Primary immune responses are of low intensity, while secondary responses are intense and involve the release of antibodies like IgM and IgG.
  • Acquired immunity can be humoral, involving antibodies in the blood, or cell-mediated, mediated by T lymphocytes to reject foreign tissues in organ transplants.

01:46:01

Types and Functions of Antibodies in Immunity

  • Antibodies are classified into five types: IgA, IgD, IgG, IgM, and IgE.
  • IgA is found in mother's milk and is known as the secretory antibody.
  • IgG is the most abundant antibody and can cross the placenta, responsible for secondary immune response.
  • IgM is the largest antibody and acts in a pentameric form.
  • Active immunity is generated by the body's own immune response, either naturally through infection or artificially through vaccination.
  • Passive immunity involves ready-made antibodies, provided naturally (e.g., through mother's milk) or artificially (e.g., anti-snake venom serum).
  • Vaccination introduces microbes to create memory for a robust immune response.
  • Allergies are caused by IgE antibodies, leading to hypersensitive immune responses like inflammation, runny nose, and rashes.
  • Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system attacks self-cells, leading to autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
  • Lymphoid organs, primary and secondary, are crucial for antibody production and immune response against infections.

02:01:22

Lymphoid Organs and Diseases: A Summary

  • Primary lymphoid organs are Bone Marrow and Thymus, where B and T cells are formed.
  • B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus.
  • Thymus is located in the mediastinum, between the lungs, and decreases in size with age.
  • Both bone marrow and thymus provide an environment for T cell maturation.
  • Secondary lymphoid organs include tonsils, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
  • The spleen is a kidney-shaped organ containing lymphocytes and phagocytes.
  • Lymph nodes trap antigens from the blood and are present in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.
  • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is found in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.
  • Typhoid is a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella, spread through contaminated food and water.
  • Pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus and Haemophilus bacteria, affecting the lungs and causing respiratory symptoms.

02:14:57

"Malaria and other diseases: symptoms and transmission"

  • Cold symptoms include phlegm in the throat and hoarse voice, lasting 3 to 7 days.
  • Detailed explanation of Protos Disease, a severe form of malaria caused by Plasmodium species.
  • Falls Peram is the most dangerous malaria species, leading to death.
  • Malaria spreads through female Anopheles mosquitoes, with a complex life cycle involving two hosts.
  • Asexual and sexual phases of malaria occur in Anopheles mosquitoes and humans, respectively.
  • Multiple fission in Plasmodium causes the release of hemozoin toxin, leading to malaria symptoms.
  • Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and sweating every 3 to 4 days, depending on the species.
  • Amoebic disease transmission occurs through contaminated food and water by flies.
  • Filarisis, also known as elephantiasis, is transmitted by female Coolex mosquitoes, causing lymphatic vessel inflammation and swelling.
  • Fungal diseases like ringworm are caused by Microsporum, Trichode, and Epiderm Phyton fungi, thriving in moist and warm areas of the body.

02:30:40

"Joint pain, genetic disorders, and upcoming classes"

  • Chicken Guniya primarily causes extreme joint pain that can last for years, potentially leading to bone-breaking pain.
  • A test on Chicken Guniya with questions is available, and a video will be released regarding it.
  • Hardy Weinberg numericals video was mentioned, emphasizing the importance of watching it for educational purposes.
  • William Harvey's discovery of the blood circulatory system is highlighted, leading to the hypothesis of good humor.
  • Diseases can occur if organs are not functioning properly, with genetic disorders like Down syndrome and lifestyle issues being potential causes.
  • The text concludes with a reminder about upcoming classes on Biological Classification and the importance of attending the AI MT test on March 31st.
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