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HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE CLASS 12 ONE SHOT | NCERT LINE BY LINE AND PYQS | NEET 2024 | BY MD SIR

Sankalp NEET Vedantu・91 minutes read

The lecture on human health and disease, starting 30 minutes late, will cover immunity, antibodies, and vaccine generations, emphasizing the importance of understanding immune responses and antibody formation for defense mechanisms against pathogens. Topics such as allergies, autoimmune disorders, AIDS, and the role of Neko National AIDS Control Organization in preventing HIV spread and promoting safe practices are also discussed.

Insights

Lectures on human health and disease will follow the NCERT Line Wise approach to reduce tension and cover topics like immunity extensively.
Understanding innate and acquired immunity is crucial, with a focus on barriers, cellular defense, inflammation, cytokines, and fever in the immune response.
The immune system involves phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, with neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells playing essential roles.
Active and passive immunity distinctions are vital, with active immunity requiring antibody production through natural infection or vaccination, while passive immunity involves receiving prepared antibodies for immediate protection.

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Recent questions

What is the lecture about?
Human health, diseases, and immunity
How are antibodies formed?
Through B lymphocytes in response to pathogens
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active requires host antibody production; passive provides ready-made antibodies
How does vaccination work?
Inducing the body to produce antibodies for future protection
What are allergies caused by?
Hyperactive immune responses triggered by allergens

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Summary

00:00

"Late Lecture on Human Health and Immunity"

The speaker apologizes for the delay due to a new system setup in the studio.
The lecture on human health and disease is starting, albeit 30 minutes late.
The method of teaching will follow the NCERT Line Wise approach to reduce tension.
The first lecture was introductory, focusing on human health.
The speaker emphasizes starting with a black tilak symbolizing vaccination.
The lecture will cover human health, diseases, and immunity extensively.
The target is to cover the concepts in 3 hours, starting at 4:40 PM.
The lecture will delve into innate and acquired immunity, focusing on barriers and cellular defense.
The discussion includes the role of inflammation, cytokines, and fever in the immune response.
The speaker highlights the importance of understanding immunity as the body's defense mechanism against infections.

15:16

"Immune System: Acquired and Cellular Barriers"

The third barrier in the immune system involves acquired immunity, where certain types of leukocytes like polymorphous leukocytes, monocytes, and natural killer cells play a crucial role.
The cellular barrier in the immune system consists of phagocytic cells like macrophages and non-phagocytic cells, which can be further divided into two categories.
Natural killer cells are non-phagocytic in nature, while phagocytic cells like neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages are tissue-specific and found in the blood.
Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus, making them polymorphous nucleated lymphocytes, contributing to the cellular barrier's second line of defense.
Cytokinetics involves the release of interferons from virus-affected cells to protect neighboring non-affected cells from viral infections by inhibiting viral translation.
Interferons are small proteins that are non-specific and protect non-affected cells from viral infections by preventing viral translation within the cells.
Acquired immunity is specific and diverse, with features like specificity, diversity, memory, and discrimination between self and non-self, crucial for understanding immune responses.
The immune response can be primary or secondary, with the primary response occurring when the body encounters an antigen for the first time, leading to the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes.
The secondary immune response occurs upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen, resulting in a faster and more effective immune response due to memory cells.
Understanding the distinctions between primary and secondary immune responses is essential for comprehending the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens.

34:28

Immune Response: Memory and Plasma Cells

Memory cells and plasma cells are formed when the body encounters a pathology for the first time, with B lymphocytes dividing into two types of cells - plasma cells and memory cells.
Plasma cells contain active B lymphocytes and are responsible for the formation of antibodies, mainly IgG, during the first immune response.
Memory cells are formed but remain inactive until the second encounter with the same antigen, leading to a secondary immune response with high intensity antibody formation, primarily IgG.
The second immune response involves a significant increase in IgG production and a decrease in IgM production, resulting in a high-intensity antibody formation.
The acquired immunity is divided into two types based on B lymphocyte-mediated humoral immunity and T lymphocyte-mediated cell-mediated immunity.
T lymphocytes can be categorized into four types: T helper cells, T killer cells, T suppressor cells, and T memory cells, all contributing to the immune response.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to pathogens, forming an army of proteins to combat the antigens.
The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of B and T lymphocytes present in the blood, producing antibodies to fight against pathogens.
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are glycoproteins with a protein nature, crucial for the body's defense against pathogens.
Understanding the immune responses, the formation of antibodies, and the role of memory and plasma cells is essential for comprehending the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens.

54:08

"Antibodies: Structure, Function, and Immune Responses"

Protein is of nature, including glycoproteins and antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.
Antibodies have a structure with four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light chains.
Disulfide bonds are present in antibodies, with 16 total bonds between heavy and light chains.
Antibodies have antigen-binding sites at the N-terminus, crucial for recognizing antigens.
Different types of antibodies, such as IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgG, are present in the blood.
Immune responses mediated by antibodies are essential for acquired immunity.
Organ transplantation requires tissue matching, blood group matching, and human leukocyte antigen matching.
Immunosuppressant drugs are necessary to prevent tissue rejection in organ transplants.
Cell-mediated immunity plays a significant role in tissue graft rejection.
Understanding the concepts of active and passive immunity is crucial for immune responses.

01:12:12

Understanding Immunity: Active vs Passive, Vaccination, Antibodies

Immunity can be active or passive, with active immunity requiring the host to produce antibodies.
Active immunity involves the host forming antibodies, which can be achieved through natural infection or vaccination.
Passive immunity involves providing prepared antibodies to the host, which is simpler and quicker than active immunity.
Active immunity requires hard work but lasts longer, while passive immunity is easier and quicker but short-lived.
Antibody formation is crucial for immunity, whether through natural infection or vaccination.
Antibodies can be naturally induced through infections like corona or artificially through vaccinations.
Natural passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from the mother, such as through breast milk or the placenta.
Artificial passive immunity involves receiving ready-made antibodies, like anti-venom or anti-tetanus serum, to protect against specific agents.
Vaccination is based on memory, inducing the body to produce antibodies to protect against future infections.
Vaccines can be categorized into three generations, with the first generation involving whole organisms, the second generation using DNA technology, and the third generation focusing on subunit vaccines.

01:30:30

"Understanding Vaccines, Allergies, and Autoimmunity"

Recom D Technology used to create surface antigen surface vaccine Antigen using Rickman DNA technology
Toxoid is made by understanding toxins and neutralizing them, turning them into toxoids
Sub-unit vaccines like DPT protect against toxins of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus
DNA vaccines, like the third-generation hepatitis B vaccine, use modified DNA to create proteins in the body
Allergies occur due to hyperactive immune responses, with allergens triggering antibody production
Allergy symptoms include watery eyes, runny nose, and breathing difficulties, especially in asthma
Allergies are caused by histamine and serotonin release from mast cells upon allergen exposure
Treatment for allergies includes anti-histamines, adrenaline, and steroids to manage symptoms
Modern lifestyles can lead to increased sensitivity to allergens due to reduced exposure to environmental particles
Autoimmune disorders, like rheumatoid arthritis, occur when the body's immune system attacks its own cells, leading to antibody production against self-antigens

01:50:10

Understanding AIDS: Crucial Information for NCERT & NEET

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues are crucial for the human body, with 50% of the attention in NCERT textbooks and NEET exams.
AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is discussed, highlighting its complexity and connection to the immune system.
The origin of AIDS is traced back to Los Angeles, where it affected individuals like homosexuals and drug users, leading to immune system breakdown.
The virus responsible for AIDS is HIV, a retrovirus that attacks the immune system by targeting helper T cells.
The structure of HIV includes a lipid envelope, protein caps, and glycoprotein 120, crucial for infection.
The life cycle of HIV involves entering cells like macrophages and T lymphocytes, replicating its RNA into DNA, and producing viral proteins.
HIV transmission occurs through sexual contact, multiple partners, blood transfusions, and from infected mothers to their babies.
Symptoms of AIDS include fever, diarrhea, weight loss, and susceptibility to various infections like bacterial, viral, and fungal.
Diagnosis of AIDS involves enzyme-linked immunoassay tests for initial screening and confirmation, with treatment involving antiretroviral drugs to prolong life.
A comprehensive study plan is outlined, focusing on NCERT textbooks and a systematic approach to cover topics from breathing to evolution for thorough preparation.

02:11:44

Preventing AIDS Spread Through Education and Programs

Neko National AIDS Control Organization is a government organization working to prevent the spread of AIDS, emphasizing that the disease does not transmit through activities like eating together or kissing, but through contact with body fluids.
Various programs by WAO aim to prevent HIV infection spread, highlighting the importance of safe blood transfusions, promoting safe sex practices, drug abuse control, and regular HIV check-ups for susceptible populations.

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