Chapter 1 The World since 1991 Class 12 Political science Maharashtra Board std 12th new Syllabus

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The discussion emphasizes the critical role of Political Science in UPSC exam preparation, particularly regarding India's post-independence developments and significant geopolitical events like the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the rise of human rights advocacy. It also highlights the importance of understanding global issues, such as unipolarity and terrorism, alongside ongoing movements for self-determination in various regions.

Insights

  • Political Science is crucial for UPSC exam preparation, as it covers significant topics like India's post-independence developments and global events such as the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1990, which reshaped international relations and led to the emergence of new independent countries.
  • The text underscores the importance of understanding geopolitical dynamics, such as the strategic significance of Djibouti in countering China's influence, along with the concepts of unipolarity dominated by the United States and the ongoing global challenges related to human rights and self-determination movements, which are essential for a comprehensive grasp of current affairs.

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Recent questions

  • What is political science about?

    Political science is the study of politics, government systems, and political behavior. It encompasses various subfields, including comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public administration. Political scientists analyze the structure and function of political institutions, the behavior of political actors, and the impact of policies on society. This discipline helps us understand how power is distributed and exercised, the role of citizens in governance, and the influence of political ideologies on public policy. By examining historical and contemporary political events, political science provides insights into the functioning of governments and the dynamics of political change.

  • How can I prepare for UPSC exams?

    Preparing for the UPSC exams requires a strategic approach that includes understanding the exam pattern, syllabus, and essential subjects. Candidates should start by gathering comprehensive study materials and resources, focusing on current affairs, general studies, and optional subjects like political science. Regularly reading newspapers, magazines, and relevant books is crucial for staying updated on national and international issues. Additionally, practicing previous years' question papers and taking mock tests can help improve time management and exam techniques. Joining coaching classes or study groups can also provide guidance and motivation. Consistent revision and self-assessment are key to success in the UPSC exams.

  • What is unipolarity in international relations?

    Unipolarity in international relations refers to a global system where a single superpower dominates the political, economic, and military landscape. In this context, the United States is often cited as the primary superpower, exerting significant influence over international affairs, trade, and security. This dominance can shape global policies and alliances, as other nations may align with or counterbalance the superpower's influence. Unipolarity contrasts with multipolarity, where multiple powers coexist and share influence. The implications of unipolarity include the potential for stability under a dominant power, but also the risks of unilateral actions that may lead to conflicts or resistance from other nations.

  • Why are human rights important?

    Human rights are fundamental entitlements that every individual possesses, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, or religion. They are essential for ensuring dignity, freedom, and justice in society. The importance of human rights lies in their role as a safeguard against abuses by governments and other entities, promoting accountability and the rule of law. Awareness and advocacy for human rights issues are crucial for fostering social change and protecting vulnerable populations. By upholding human rights, societies can work towards equality, peace, and development, creating an environment where individuals can thrive and contribute positively to their communities.

  • What caused the disintegration of the Soviet Union?

    The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1990 was the result of a combination of political, economic, and social factors. Key issues included economic stagnation, a lack of political reform, and rising nationalism among the various republics. The policies of Mikhail Gorbachev, particularly glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), aimed to revitalize the economy and promote transparency but inadvertently weakened the central authority. As republics like Latvia, Lithuania, and Georgia sought independence, the central government's inability to maintain control led to a loss of cohesion. The culmination of these factors resulted in the dissolution of the Soviet Union, marking a significant shift in global politics and the emergence of new independent states.

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Summary

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Political Science Insights for UPSC Success

  • The discussion centers on the importance of Political Science in preparing for UPSC exams, emphasizing that questions from this subject can appear in both exams and interviews, particularly focusing on India's post-independence developments since 1945.
  • A significant historical event mentioned is the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1990, which led to the emergence of several independent countries, including Latvia, Lithuania, and Georgia, previously part of the USSR.
  • The geopolitical significance of Djibouti is highlighted, noting its strategic location in Africa, which has become crucial for countering influences from countries like China.
  • The concept of unipolarity is introduced, explaining that the world is dominated by a single superpower, primarily the United States, with references to North and South America and their respective countries like Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.
  • Human rights and humanitarian intervention are discussed, stressing the importance of individual rights and the need for awareness and advocacy regarding human rights issues globally.
  • The text touches on the historical context of terrorism, mentioning the 9/11 attacks and the involvement of figures like Osama bin Laden, as well as the implications of military actions in countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan.
  • The formation of new states and the right to self-determination is emphasized, with examples from Europe, including Slovakia and Croatia, and the ongoing movements for independence in regions like South Sudan.
  • The summary concludes with a call to action for viewers to subscribe to the channel for more educational content, particularly regarding the political and historical context necessary for UPSC preparation.
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