The SECOND Agricultural Revolution [AP Human Geo Review—Unit 5 Topic 4]

Recent questions

• What is the Agricultural Revolution?

  The Agricultural Revolution refers to a significant period of transformation in farming practices that dramatically changed agricultural productivity and society. It encompasses two main phases: the first, which began around 10,000 years ago with the domestication of plants and animals, and the second, occurring from the 17th to the 20th century, marked by mechanization and technological advancements. This latter phase was heavily influenced by the Industrial Revolution, leading to increased crop yields, improved farming techniques, and a shift in population dynamics as people moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of work.

• How did technology impact farming?

  Technology had a profound impact on farming, particularly during the second Agricultural Revolution. Innovations such as Jethro Tull's seed drill allowed for more efficient planting, ensuring seeds were sown at the correct depth and spacing, which improved crop yields. The mechanical reaper revolutionized harvesting by significantly reducing the time and labor required to gather crops, while John Deere's steel plow made it easier to cultivate tougher soils. These advancements not only enhanced productivity but also contributed to a shift in labor patterns, as fewer workers were needed on farms, prompting migration to cities for industrial jobs.

• What were the effects of the Agricultural Revolution?

  The Agricultural Revolution had several significant effects on society and the economy. One of the most notable outcomes was the improvement in diets, as increased agricultural productivity led to a greater variety and availability of food. This, in turn, contributed to longer life expectancy and better overall health among populations. Additionally, the demographic landscape changed dramatically, with fewer individuals working in agriculture as mechanization reduced the need for manual labor. Many of these former farm workers migrated to urban areas, fueling the growth of cities and the industrial workforce, which reshaped social structures and economic systems.

• Why is transportation important in agriculture?

  Transportation plays a crucial role in agriculture by facilitating the distribution of crops and agricultural products to markets. During the second Agricultural Revolution, improvements in transportation infrastructure, such as the expansion of railroads and canals, allowed for quicker and more efficient movement of goods. This not only ensured that fresh produce reached consumers in distant markets but also enabled farmers to access mechanized tools and resources necessary for modern farming. Efficient transportation systems helped to integrate rural and urban economies, making it possible for agricultural surplus to support growing populations in cities.

• What led to population growth during this period?

  Population growth during the second Agricultural Revolution was primarily driven by improvements in agricultural productivity and nutrition. As farming techniques advanced and crop yields increased, food became more abundant and diverse, leading to better diets and improved health outcomes. This reduction in mortality rates, particularly among infants and children, contributed to a rising population. Additionally, the migration of people from rural areas to urban centers for factory jobs created new economic opportunities, further supporting population growth. The combination of these factors resulted in significant demographic shifts and changes in societal structures during this transformative period.