The Complete and Concise History of the Sumerians and Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia (7000-2000 BC)
History with Cy・52 minutes read
European archaeologists focused on excavating sites in the Middle East, making key discoveries in the early 1800s, leading to the decipherment of Old Persian script and revealing the Sumerians as the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia with significant contributions to agriculture, trade, and writing, influencing later cultures.
Insights
- Early European archaeologists focused on excavating sites in the Middle East like Babylon and Nineveh, discovering cuneiform inscriptions that led to the decipherment of Old Persian, Akkadian, and Elamite scripts, unveiling the existence of the Sumerians, the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia.
- The rise of the Sumerians saw the development of the first true city, Uruk, in the 4th millennium BC, marked by urbanization, social classes, and a writing system on clay tablets, influencing regions beyond Mesopotamia through trade and governance.
- Successors like Sargon of Akkad and Urnamu of the Third Dynasty of Ur expanded empires, reformed laws, and promoted Sumerian culture, with the Ur-3 Empire's decline attributed to internal strife, migrations, and eventual collapse, though Sumerian language and practices continued to influence later civilizations.
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Recent questions
What were the key contributions of the Sumerians?
The Sumerians were pioneers in advanced farming techniques, urban planning, mass production of goods, mathematics, accounting, and the development of writing. Their civilization left a lasting impact on various cultures.
How did the Akkadian Empire impact Sumerian civilization?
The Akkadian Empire, established by Sargon of Akkad, conquered Sumer, shifting the center of civilization and replacing Sumerian with Akkadian as the official language.
Who were the Gutian kings, and how did they rule Sumer?
The Gutian kings, like Aridu Wizir, exerted control in Sumer through tribute collection and local appointees, with limited evidence of their rule in the region.
What led to the decline of the Ur-3 Empire?
The decline of the Ur-3 Empire began after Shulgi's death, due to rebellions, migrations of the Amorites, and internal strife, ultimately leading to its collapse.
How did the Sumerian language influence later cultures?
The Sumerian language, though ceasing to be spoken by 1800 BC, continued to be used by scribes for scholarly and religious purposes, influencing later Babylonian and Assyrian cultures.
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Summary
00:00
Unearthing Ancient Mesopotamia: Deciphering Sumerian Civilization
- European archaeologists, 200 years ago, focused on excavating sites in the Middle East, particularly in Egypt and southern Mesopotamia (Iraq), searching for locations mentioned in historical texts.
- Important discoveries were made by archaeologists in the early 1800s, including Claudius James Rich mapping the ruins of Babylon and Nineveh, collecting inscribed bricks, tablets, and clay cylinders.
- Cuneiform inscriptions were found not only in Babylon and Nineveh but also in other sites like Persepolis and Behistun in Iran, revealing scripts of unknown languages.
- The decipherment of Old Persian script led to the decryption of Akkadian and Elamite scripts, indicating the presence of a mother civilization known as the Sumerians.
- Sumerians, known as the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia, settled in the region around 7000-6000 BC, cultivating fertile floodplains along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
- Early farming communities like the Samara and Halaf cultures emerged in central Mesopotamia, engaging in agriculture, trade, and creating distinctive pottery.
- The Ubaid culture, preceding the Sumerians, occupied Mesopotamia between 5500-4000 BC, establishing villages with agricultural practices, livestock rearing, and unique pottery.
- Eridu, an Ubaid settlement, evolved into a prosperous town with a temple dedicated to the god Enki, showcasing communal feasts, music, and offerings to the deity.
- Uruk, considered the world's first true city, emerged in the 4th millennium BC, experiencing rapid urbanization and a population of around 25,000 residents by 3500 BC.
- The Uruk period marked the rise of social classes, with a priest-king ruling over religious, military, and political elites, along with specialized laborers and slaves, supported by a system of taxation and resource distribution through temples.
17:43
Early Mesopotamian Civilization: Growth and Development
- Priestesses conducted religious rituals as cities grew larger.
- Redistribution of goods and services became complex with various goods and professions.
- An early writing system developed around 3300 BC on clay tablets for tracking activities.
- Proto-cuneiform, with over 700 signs, recorded commodity transfers like grain and beer.
- Pictographs represented items like a bull's head for cattle and barley for grain.
- Cuneiform evolved for faster writing with a reed stylus on clay tablets.
- Sumerian language suited cuneiform due to its one-syllable words.
- Cylinder seals were used for communication, creating continuous impressions on clay.
- Uruk's influence spread to Syria, Iran, and Turkey through trading colonies.
- Kings emerged in Mesopotamia, initially held by high-ranking priests, later becoming hereditary.
35:34
Rise and Fall of Mesopotamian Empires
- Kings and empire builders of Mesopotamia made pilgrimages to the city-state of Lagash, lavishing the icore with gifts to gain divine favor.
- Lagash, once powerful under kings like Urnanshi and Enmetana, saw a shift in power to the priestly class with Antarzi becoming ruler.
- Antarzi's rule led to widespread corruption, with his successor Lugal Landa exacerbating the situation by seizing land, temples, and levying heavy taxes.
- Urukagina overthrew Lugal Landa, introducing possibly the first written code of laws, aiming to curb corruption and protect assets from abuse.
- Lugal Zaghezy of Umma conquered Lagash, destroying its capital Girsu and holy places, leading to a period of regional dominance.
- Lugal Zaghezy claimed control over all of Sumer and beyond, boasting of a vast empire, although modern scholars doubt the extent of his rule.
- Sargon of Akkad, a non-Sumerian, rose to power, conquering Sumer and establishing the Akkadian Empire, shifting the center of civilization.
- Sargon's conquest led to the adoption of the Akkadian language as official, replacing Sumerian, and a reorganization of power structures.
- Sargon's successors expanded the empire, reformed the tax system, and centralized power in Agade, making it a hub for trade and governance.
- The Akkadian Empire faced internal rebellions after Sargon's death, leading to its eventual collapse due to factors like famine, drought, and regional instability.
53:28
Rise and Fall of Sumerian Dynasties
- Silulumesh ruled for six years, followed by 21 kings who collectively ruled for 91 years and 40 days.
- The Gutian kings, like Aridu Wizir, had limited evidence of their rule in Sumer, possibly exerting control through tribute collection and local appointees.
- Lagash thrived under King Gudiya, a pious ruler who built numerous temples, presenting himself as a protector rather than a conqueror.
- Uthuhegal, a local ruler from Uruk, led a force to end Gutian rule in Sumer, succeeding and establishing the fifth dynasty of Uruk.
- Uthuhegal's son-in-law, Urnamu, founded the Third Dynasty of Ur, initiating the Neo-Sumerian period and possibly supporting Uthuhegal against the Gutians.
- Urnamu implemented a code of laws, possibly the first in history, detailing punishments for crimes like kidnapping, perjury, and assault.
- Urnamu's reign marked the Sumerian Renaissance, promoting Sumerian language and culture, initiating construction projects, and restoring iconic buildings.
- Shulgi, Urnamu's successor, led the Ur III Empire to prosperity and artistic achievements, with hymns praising him as a god-like protector.
- The Ur-3 Empire's success was attributed to a highly efficient centralized government, adopting a bureaucratic system from the Akkadians.
- The decline of the Ur-3 Empire began after Shulgi's death, exacerbated by rebellions, migrations of the Amorites, and internal strife, leading to its eventual collapse.
01:10:39
Sumerian Influence on Ancient Civilizations
- Sumerian, once a spoken language, ceased to exist by 1800 BC but continued to be used by scribes for scholarly and religious purposes, influencing later Babylonian and Assyrian cultures. The Sumerians were pioneers in advanced farming techniques, urban planning, mass production of goods, mathematics, accounting, and the development of writing, leaving a lasting impact on various civilizations.
