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Ruling the Country Side in One Shot | History - Class 8th | Umang | Physics Wallah

Physics Wallah Foundation・28 minutes read

The text discusses a company's efforts to maximize revenue through different settlement systems, including permanent, Mahalwari, Munro, Malvani, and Ryotwari, to address challenges with revenue collection and indigo cultivation demand in the European market, leading to conflicts with cultivators and British intervention. The company faced issues with revenue demand, cultivation challenges, and rebellions by cultivators against the oppressive system, ultimately resulting in a decrease in production and impacting planters.

Insights

  • The company faced challenges with revenue collection due to villagers leaving in response to low prices, impacting the implementation of differential settlement.
  • The introduction of different settlement systems like the Mahalwari and Munro systems aimed to streamline revenue collection and address issues of revenue demand, leading to shifts in responsibilities between landlords and cultivators.

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Recent questions

  • What challenges did the company face in revenue collection?

    The company encountered difficulties when expenses increased due to acquiring rights, leading to the need for maximum revenue collection. Different settlement systems were implemented, such as differential settlement and permanent settlement, to address revenue collection issues. However, challenges arose with villagers leaving due to low prices, landlords not investing in improving plant quality, and revenue payment issues. The introduction of the Mahalwari system focused on revenue estimation from fields in villages, while the Munro system involved direct revenue collection from cultivators. Despite efforts to maximize revenue, problems persisted, such as high revenue demands causing deserted villages and confrontations with authorities.

  • What was the impact of the Indigo cultivation system on cultivators?

    The Indigo cultivation system, driven by European market demand, forced cultivators to grow specific crops like indigo, leading to increased production. However, challenges arose, including land availability issues and loan cycles that burdened cultivators. The oppressive system sparked rebellion among cultivators, resulting in violent confrontations with authorities. Royce and other cultivators were issued notices regarding the Indigo contract, prompting a military commission to protect them. This inquiry criticized the plantation system, allowing planters to refuse Indigo production. Stuart Broad's announcement that planters could refuse Indigo production led to a shift of the plant to Bihar, where Mahatma Gandhi initiated a movement against the Indigo plantation system, causing a decrease in production and impacting the planters.

  • How did the company aim to profit from the European market demand?

    The company sought to profit from the European market demand by purchasing goods based on demand, particularly focusing on indigo plantation crops. The British forced cultivators to grow specific crops like indigo to meet the global demand for its vibrant color, especially in European countries. Indigo was imported from West Indies and America to address fluctuations in supply, leading to increased production. The rise in the indigo business prompted officers to leave their jobs to start their ventures, highlighting the lucrative nature of meeting European market demands.

  • What were the key features of the Mahalwari system?

    The Mahalwari system introduced a new settlement approach focusing on revenue estimation from fields in villages. Under this system, collectors were directed to inspect fields, estimate revenue, and record the rights and customs of villagers. This system aimed to streamline revenue collection processes and ensure accurate revenue estimation by directly involving field inspections and recording village customs. The Mahalwari system represented a shift towards a more detailed and comprehensive approach to revenue collection within the company's operations.

  • How did the company address revenue collection challenges with landlords?

    The company implemented various settlement systems to address revenue collection challenges with landlords. Initially, differential settlement and permanent settlement were introduced to collect land revenue, with consequences for non-payment. Landlords were expected to invest in improving plant quality to boost production and revenue, but their lack of interest led to revenue payment issues and land being transferred to others. The Munro system involved direct revenue collection from cultivators by the company, separate from landlords, to streamline revenue collection processes. Despite these efforts, challenges persisted in ensuring effective revenue collection and addressing issues with landlords' investment reluctance.

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Summary

00:00

"Company Revenue Collection Challenges and Solutions"

  • The story focuses on a company aiming for maximum revenue collection, facing challenges when expenses increase due to acquiring rights.
  • Different settlement companies engage in line revenue collection to meet expenses and maximize revenue.
  • The company purchases goods based on demand in European markets, particularly indigo plantation crops.
  • The company implements differential settlement to collect land revenue, facing challenges with villagers leaving due to low prices.
  • The company introduces a permanent settlement where landlords are responsible for revenue collection, with consequences for non-payment.
  • The company expects landlords to invest in improving plant quality to boost production and revenue.
  • Landlords, however, lack interest in investing, leading to revenue payment issues and land being transferred to others.
  • The Mahalwari system is introduced as a new settlement system, focusing on revenue estimation from fields in villages.
  • Collectors are directed to inspect fields, estimate revenue, and record rights and customs of villagers under the Mahalwari system.
  • The Munro system, initially implemented on a small scale, involves direct revenue collection from cultivators by the company, separate from landlords.

30:59

Impact of Revenue Demand on Indigo Cultivation

  • The Malvani system was studied, leading to a comparison with the Ryotwari system, highlighting the revenue demand issue.
  • The high revenue demand caused problems, necessitating the provision of hot water in the pan for patients.
  • Due to the high revenue demand, people were unable to pay, leading to deserted villages.
  • Companies aimed to profit from the European market demand for goods like indigo.
  • The British forced cultivators to grow specific crops, such as indigo, resulting in increased production.
  • Indigo was in high demand globally due to its vibrant color, particularly in European countries.
  • To meet the demand, indigo was imported from West Indies and America, causing fluctuations in supply.
  • The rise in indigo business led to officers leaving their jobs to start their own ventures.
  • The Indigo cultivation system faced challenges like land availability and loan cycles.
  • Cultivators rebelled against the oppressive system, leading to violent confrontations with authorities.

58:23

Indigo Contract Sparks Plantation System Controversy

  • Roy subscribed to a movement that issued a notice to 12 cultivators, including Royce, regarding the Indigo contract. A military commission was appointed to protect them, leading to an inquiry criticizing the plantation system and allowing planters to refuse Indigo production.
  • Stuart Broad, representing the British Government, informed the planters that they were free to refuse Indigo production, leading to a shift of the plant to Bihar where Mahatma Gandhi initiated a movement against the Indigo plantation system, resulting in a decrease in production and affecting the planters.
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