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RESPIRATION IN PLANTS in 54 Minutes | Full Chapter Revision | Class 11 NEET

Competition Wallah・47 minutes read

ATP synthesis is essential for energy production in the body, with glucose being converted to ATP through various processes involving oxygen and enzymes in glycolysis. The electron transport system in mitochondria plays a crucial role in transforming ADP to ATP, with oxygen acting as the final electron acceptor to ensure energy production continues efficiently.

Insights

  • ATP synthesis is essential for generating energy in the body, with glucose requiring two phosphates for this process, ultimately resulting in 34 ATPs out of 38 after reducing one carbon dioxide.
  • Glycolysis, a universal pathway present in all cells, does not require oxygen and involves multiple steps converting glucose into smaller molecules, leading to the production of ATP and NADH2, while fermentation occurs in low oxygen conditions, yielding lactate or ethanol as byproducts.

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Recent questions

  • What is the main purpose of ATP synthesis?

    To create energy in the body.

  • How is glucose converted into ATP?

    By utilizing glucose and oxygen in the blood.

  • What is the significance of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?

    It is a universal pathway for energy production.

  • How does fermentation occur in the absence of oxygen?

    By producing lactate or lactic acid.

  • What role does the electron transport system play in ATP production?

    Facilitating the transformation of ADP to ATP.

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Summary

00:00

"ATP Synthesis: Creating Energy for Body"

  • ATP synthesis or respiration is crucial for creating energy in the body.
  • Two phosphates on top of glucose are needed for ATP synthesis.
  • Pyro et de carbosynth de carbo xis enzyme is used to reduce one carbon dioxide from pyro.
  • 34 ATPs out of 38 are obtained after reducing one carbon dioxide.
  • Oxygen from the atmosphere is taken in during respiration.
  • Oxygen is loaded into the blood and delivered to all cells in the body.
  • Starch from food is broken down into glucose for loading into the blood.
  • Glucose and oxygen in the blood are used to create ATP for energy.
  • ATP is the energy currency used for various bodily functions.
  • NDA and FADH2 molecules are like checks or demand drafts that need to be deposited in the electron transport system to obtain energy.

13:55

"Universal Glycolysis: Oxygen-Free Pathway in Cells"

  • Glycolysis is a linear pathway known as EMPF and Parna Saheb, or EMPSC Pathway, present in all cells due to its origin in an oxygen-free atmosphere at the start of life on Earth.
  • Organisms like Mycoplasma, Bacteroides, and Clostridium can survive without oxygen, indicating the pathway's universality.
  • Glycolysis does not require oxygen, making it a universal pathway found in all cells due to the presence of cytoplasm in every cell.
  • Glucose is converted into glucose six phosphates to trap it inside the cell, utilizing ATP to add phosphate and prevent glucose from escaping.
  • Glucose is converted into fructose six phosphate to evenly divide it into two three-carbon molecules, ensuring equal phosphate distribution.
  • Fructose 16 phosphates are formed by adding two phosphates to fructose six phosphate, leading to the creation of two three-carbon molecules.
  • Phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate are produced from fructose 16 phosphates, which can interconvert, forming the basis of glycolysis.
  • The conversion of phosphoglyceraldehyde to phosphoglycerate involves positional isomerization, leading to the formation of ATP and NADH2 molecules.
  • Glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP molecules, with a total of six ATP molecules produced in the electron transport system from two NADH2 molecules.
  • In conditions of low oxygen, fermentation occurs, leading to lactate or lactic acid formation, as seen in bacteria and during intense exercise in humans.

27:18

"Glucose breakdown and ATP production process"

  • Lactate dehydroacetic is used in the process described.
  • Lactate is produced from dehydroacetic acid, with lactate having three carbons and glucose six carbons.
  • Breaking down glucose results in two pyruvates of three carbons each and lactic acid with three carbons.
  • Ethanol in alcoholic fermentation is made of two carbons, leaving one carbon unaccounted for.
  • CO2 is released during the process, particularly in ethanolic fermentation.
  • Enzymes are utilized to remove carbon dioxide from pyruvate, forming ethanol.
  • Energy release from glucose breakdown is significantly lower than the potential 38 ATP.
  • The electron transport system in mitochondria facilitates the transformation of ADP to ATP.
  • The Crab Cycle, named after Hans Crab, involves a series of reactions starting with citrate and ending with oxaloacetate.
  • The Crab Cycle results in the production of 38 ATP from one glucose molecule, with CO2 being released at various stages.

42:29

"Essential Elements in Electron Transport System"

  • A common element, A, is present in all three places discussed.
  • Complexation of mono nucleotide, FMN, is not necessary to remember.
  • In the presence of mono in FMN, complexation with bc1 occurs, leading to cytochrome aa3.
  • Two cytochromes and two additional coppers are found in this scenario.
  • Copper and iron are efficient electron carriers due to their presence in centers.
  • Iron can transition between 3+ and 2+ states by accepting and transferring electrons.
  • Copper, in its 2+ state, can also transport electrons without harm.
  • Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system, producing water.
  • The electron transport system relies on oxygen as an essential component to prevent halting.
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