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Indian economy on the eve of independence | ONE SHOT | Class 12 Economics. 5 Marks fixed. 2024- 2025

Sunil Panda-The Educator・2 minutes read

The Indian Economic Development course consists of 10 chapters, with 8 relevant chapters each carrying 40 marks. The course aims to cover smaller chapters in one session and larger chapters in parts, addressing crucial topics like colonial rule, economic exploitation, and demographic challenges.

Insights

  • The British colonial rule in India significantly impacted the country's economy by exploiting resources for British industries, introducing harmful systems like the Zamindari system, and causing a shift from a self-reliant to a dependent economy.
  • Despite the negative repercussions, the British rule unintentionally brought about positive changes in India's economy through advancements in infrastructure like railways, which revolutionized transportation, expanded markets, and facilitated the movement of goods, showcasing a nuanced impact on the nation's economic development.

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Recent questions

  • What is the significance of the Battle of Plassey?

    The Battle of Plassey marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India, leading to 200 years of economic exploitation.

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Summary

00:00

"Indian Economic Development: Syllabus, Schedule, Exploitation"

  • Indian Economic Development course consists of 10 chapters, with only 8 relevant to the syllabus.
  • Each chapter carries a weightage of 40 marks, equivalent to five marks per class.
  • The aim is to complete the course within a month, with smaller chapters covered in one session and larger ones in parts.
  • Daily class videos are scheduled at 5:00 pm, 6:00 pm, and 7:00 pm.
  • The first chapter delves into "Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence," explaining the period before India's independence.
  • The Battle of Plassey on June 23, 1757, marked the beginning of British colonial rule in India.
  • The British exploited India's resources for their industrial development, leading to economic exploitation for 200 years.
  • The colonial rule aimed to use India's raw materials for British industries, starting with the East India Company in 1757.
  • Definitions like colonial rule, backward economy, developing economy, stagnant economy, and vibrant economy are crucial.
  • The Zamindari system in the semi-federal economy exploited farmers, creating a harsh relationship between landlords and tenants.

12:56

British Colonization: Impact on India's Agriculture

  • Before the British arrived, India had a self-reliant economy, focusing on agriculture and handicrafts, with a rich variety of food grains and a well-known handicraft industry.
  • The British colonization led to India becoming dependent on America for food grains, despite abundant farming visible across the country.
  • The British introduced the Zamindari system, exploiting farmers through triangular relationships, leading to low productivity and harsh working conditions.
  • The commercialization of agriculture by the British forced farmers to grow specific crops for profit, causing food scarcity and dependency on distant cities for grains.
  • Lack of investment in the agriculture sector by both foreign and local entities resulted in stagnant growth and decreased agricultural production.
  • The partition of India and Pakistan led to a setback in agricultural production, with highly fertile lands going to Pakistan, impacting India's agricultural output.
  • The jute-producing areas, crucial for India's economy, were lost to Pakistan (now Bangladesh), causing a shortage of raw materials for India's jute industry.
  • The partition based on population distribution rather than geographical area led to significant changes in agricultural landscapes and production capabilities.
  • The division of resources and agricultural lands between India and Pakistan/Bangladesh had a profound impact on the economies and industries of both nations.
  • The British colonial rule significantly altered India's agricultural practices, leading to long-lasting effects on the country's economy and industrial sectors.

25:21

British Policies Impacting India's Economy and Demographics

  • The British impacted the handicraft industry in India through a discriminatory tariff policy, taxing finished goods heavily but not raw materials.
  • This policy led to inflation and increased taxes on various aspects of daily life, contributing to the economic burden on consumers.
  • The lack of a capital goods industry in India resulted in a heavy reliance on British imports and a decline in GDP contribution from the industrial sector.
  • The British government focused primarily on electricity, transportation, and communication, neglecting the development of India's industry and trade sectors.
  • The construction of the Suez Canal significantly reduced the transportation distance between Mumbai and London, facilitating British control over Indian raw materials and finished goods.
  • India's foreign trade fell under British monopoly control, with the majority of exports going to Britain, draining India's export surplus without benefiting the country.
  • The demographic condition of India worsened over time, with a high birth rate, death rate, and low literacy rate, leading to a continuous population increase post-1921.
  • The first official census in India was conducted in 1881, with subsequent censuses every ten years, highlighting the country's unstable demographic situation.
  • The birth rate in India was 48 per 1000 people, while the death rate was 40 per 1000, indicating a significant population growth rate.
  • Overall, the British policies and control over trade and industry in India led to economic exploitation, demographic challenges, and a lack of domestic industrial development.

37:40

"India's Literacy and Economic Transformation"

  • Only seven people out of the total were literate, with a male literacy rate of 16%, which has now increased to around 90%.
  • In many states, the literacy rate has reached 100%, highlighting the importance of education in society.
  • Lack of education can lead to manipulation and exploitation of the population, making them vulnerable to control and exploitation.
  • A significant portion of the population remains uneducated, leading to uninformed voting and dependence on external influences.
  • The average life expectancy was only 32 years, with high infant mortality rates due to inadequate medical facilities and care.
  • The occupational structure primarily involved farming, with 73% of the population engaged in this sector.
  • Regional variations in occupational distribution impacted the economy, with a heavy reliance on agriculture.
  • The British colonial rule focused on developing infrastructure, particularly railways, to facilitate transportation and communication.
  • The introduction of railways revolutionized long-distance travel, expanded markets, and facilitated the movement of goods across the country.
  • The British unintentionally contributed positively to India's economy through advancements in agriculture, transportation, and administrative setup.
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