Why did Khubilai Khan order an attack on Tumapel?

To punish King Kertanagara for insulting an envoy.

What was the outcome of the Mongol attack on Tumapel?

Raden Vijaya successfully repelled the Mongol invaders.

Insult or killing of an envoy by King Kertanagara.

Java controlled lucrative maritime trade routes.

By proclaiming they were punishing Kertanagara.

King Jaya Wisnuhardhana of Tumapel controlled lucrative trade routes in Southeast Asia, making Java a vital market for exporting goods to India and importing items from China.
Despite Khubilai Khan's attempts to extend Mongol control over trade routes by ordering an attack on Tumapel, the Mongol forces faced defeat and humiliation at the hands of Raden Vijaya, who established the powerful Majapahit Empire with Mongol assistance, showcasing the resilience and strategic prowess of local rulers in resisting foreign invasions.

Why did Khubilai Khan order an attack on Tumapel?
To punish King Kertanagara for insulting an envoy.
What was the outcome of the Mongol attack on Tumapel?
Raden Vijaya successfully repelled the Mongol invaders.
What led to tensions between Java and the Mongols?
Insult or killing of an envoy by King Kertanagara.
What was the significance of Java in Southeast Asia?
Java controlled lucrative maritime trade routes.
How did the Mongol commanders plan to justify their attack on Tumapel?
By proclaiming they were punishing Kertanagara.

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In the early 1290s, Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan ordered a fleet to sail from southern China to Java in modern Indonesia, resulting in a humiliating retreat.
The Kingdom of Tumapel in Java was under the influence of King Jaya Wisnuhardhana, controlling lucrative maritime trade routes in Southeast Asia.
Java was a leading exporter of goods to India, importing various items from China, making it a valuable market.
Khubilai Khan, frustrated by failed conquests, sought victories to console himself, focusing on extending Mongol control over trade routes.
Khubilai Khan increased diplomatic missions across southern Asia, ordering monarchs to submit to him for trade privileges.
An envoy named Meng Qi was insulted or killed by King Kertanagara of Tumapel, leading to tensions between Java and the Mongols.
Khubilai Khan ordered an attack on Tumapel, preparing a fleet and army of 20,000 men aboard 1,000 vessels.
The Mongol commanders met with Khubilai Khan before departure, planning to proclaim they were not invading but punishing Kertanagara.
The fleet set out in winter 1292-93, stopping in Champa before reaching Java in March 1293.
Upon arrival, the Mongols found Java embroiled in a civil war, with Kertanagara dead and his vassal Jayakatong resisting, leading to a complex situation.

13:03

Yiqmis assembled his forces to meet Jayakatong's troops, and with the arrival of Gao Xing and the Yuan troops, they defeated Jayakatong's army.
The Yuan forces, led by Tuqudege, Gao Xing, and Yiqmis, along with Raden Vijaya's troops, swiftly reached Kediri to confront Jayakatong's large force.
Despite initial success, Raden Vijaya betrayed the Yuan escorts, rallied his armies, and successfully repelled the foreign invaders from Java.
The Yuan commanders, facing defeat and humiliation, retreated with some treasures but suffered consequences from Khubilai Khan, while Raden Vijaya established a powerful empire in Majapahit with Mongol assistance.