What is dark energy's role in the universe?

Dark energy drives the universe's accelerated expansion.

How is dark matter detected if it's invisible?

Dark matter is inferred through gravitational effects.

Observing galaxy clusters and gravitational lensing.

It explains the creation of atomic nuclei.

It maps the distribution of normal and dark matter.

Dark energy dominates the universe's energy composition at 68%, fueling its expansion, while dark matter makes up 27% and normal matter only 5%.
Through gravitational effects and observations of galaxy clusters, the 5:1 ratio of dark matter to normal matter in the universe is inferred, with methods like gravitational lensing and cosmic microwave background aiding in determining their distribution and presence.

What is dark energy's role in the universe?
Dark energy drives the universe's accelerated expansion.
How is dark matter detected if it's invisible?
Dark matter is inferred through gravitational effects.
What methods determine dark matter to normal matter ratio?
Observing galaxy clusters and gravitational lensing.
How does Big Bang nucleosynthesis relate to normal matter?
It explains the creation of atomic nuclei.
What does the cosmic microwave background help map?
It maps the distribution of normal and dark matter.

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Dark energy constitutes 68% of the universe's energy budget, driving its accelerated expansion.
Normal matter accounts for 5% of the universe's composition, while dark matter makes up 27%.
Dark matter's presence is inferred through its gravitational effects, despite being invisible to light.
Dark matter outweighs normal matter by a ratio of 5 to 1 in the universe.
Various methods, including observing galaxy clusters, have been used to determine the dark matter to normal matter ratio.
Observing galaxy clusters involves measuring velocities, cluster sizes, and various light wavelengths to calculate total mass.
Gravitational lensing confirms the mass of galaxy clusters, aligning with previous calculations.
Big Bang nucleosynthesis explains the creation of atomic nuclei in the early universe, indicating a 4-5% normal matter presence.
The cosmic microwave background, the oldest light in the universe, helps map the distribution of normal and dark matter.
Results from the European Space Agency's Planck mission suggest normal matter constitutes around 18% of the universe's energy budget, supporting the 5:1 dark matter to normal matter ratio.

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The text discusses the discovery of normal matter and dark matter, highlighting the importance of understanding dark matter's existence in the universe through various observations, while also addressing the question of how the amount of dark matter is determined.