HHMI Cancer Genes

Recent questions

• What is cancer gene sequencing?

  Cancer gene sequencing is a scientific process that involves analyzing the DNA of cancerous and non-cancerous cells to identify specific mutations that are unique to tumors. This method helps researchers filter out silent mutations—those that do not affect the function of genes—and focus on those that may contribute to cancer development. By understanding these mutations, scientists can gain insights into the mechanisms of cancer and potentially develop targeted therapies. The goal is to create a comprehensive map of genetic alterations in various types of cancer, which can aid in diagnosis, treatment, and the development of personalized medicine.

• How many types of cancer are there?

  There are numerous types of cancer, with over 200 distinct forms identified by medical professionals. As of recent data, 23 major types of human cancers have been sequenced for research purposes. Each type of cancer can vary significantly in its genetic makeup, behavior, and response to treatment. The classification of cancer types is based on the origin of the cancer cells, such as breast, lung, prostate, or colon cancer. Understanding the diversity of cancer types is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

• What are dominant oncogenes?

  Dominant oncogenes are specific genes that, when mutated or overexpressed, can promote the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. These genes typically play a role in normal cell functions, such as cell division and survival. In the context of cancer, mutations in these oncogenes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, contributing to tumor formation. Research has identified approximately 60 to 80 dominant oncogenes among the 140 cancer genes currently recognized. Understanding the function and regulation of these oncogenes is essential for developing targeted therapies that can inhibit their activity and slow down cancer progression.

• What causes mutations in cancer?

  Mutations in cancer can arise from various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and lifestyle choices. One significant contributor to mutations is the malfunction of proofreading enzymes, which are responsible for correcting errors that occur during DNA replication. When these enzymes are defective, it can lead to a rapid accumulation of mutations, particularly in certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer. Additionally, mutations that block cellular differentiation can cause cells to pile up and form tumors. Understanding the mechanisms behind these mutations is vital for developing preventive strategies and effective treatments for cancer.

• What are tumor suppressor genes?

  Tumor suppressor genes are a class of genes that help regulate cell growth and prevent the formation of tumors. They function by controlling cell division, repairing DNA damage, and promoting apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in damaged cells. When these genes are mutated or inactivated, their protective functions are lost, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and the potential development of cancer. Research has identified around 60 tumor suppressor genes among the approximately 140 cancer-related genes. Understanding the role of these genes in cancer biology is crucial for developing therapies that can restore their function or mimic their effects to inhibit tumor growth.