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Heredity - Class 10 Science | Full Biology - One Shot | CBSE SIMPLIFIED

EduMantra- Sanjiv Pandey・39 minutes read

The chapter on Heredity in CBSE Simplified focuses on the passing of traits from parents to offspring, covering genetic and acquired traits, the work of Gregor Mendel, dominant and recessive traits, genotype, phenotype, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, and sex determination in humans. It explains how genetic variations are passed on, how traits are inherited, and the factors influencing offspring characteristics.

Insights

  • Traits are passed from parents to offspring through heredity, encompassing genetic characteristics like hair color and height, while acquired traits develop during an individual's lifetime and are not inherited.
  • Gregor Mendel's experiments with garden pea plants elucidated dominant and recessive traits, leading to the understanding of genotype and phenotype, as well as the principles of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance patterns.

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Recent questions

  • What is heredity?

    The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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Summary

00:00

Understanding Heredity: Passing Traits to Offspring

  • The chapter on Heredity in CBSE Simplified focuses on the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
  • Offspring or progeny are the next generation, inheriting characteristics from their parents.
  • Traits are the qualities passed on from parents to offspring, defining features like hair pattern, height, skin tone, and eye color.
  • Heredity and inheritance are terms used to describe the process of passing traits from parents to offspring.
  • Traits can be genetic, inherited from parents, or acquired through individual experiences like education or skill development.
  • Genetic variations occur in reproductive tissues, passing on traits like height, skin color, and hair type.
  • Acquired traits develop throughout an individual's lifetime and are not passed on to the next generation.
  • Gregor Mendel, known as the Father of Inheritance, studied how traits are passed on using garden pea plants with contrasting characters.
  • Dominant traits are those that express themselves abundantly, while recessive traits are weaker and only displayed in the absence of dominant traits.
  • Mendel's experiments with garden pea plants helped understand how traits are inherited and expressed in offspring.

15:05

Genetic Inheritance Patterns in Plant Breeding

  • Dominant traits express themselves in the presence of other traits, while recessive traits only manifest in their absence.
  • Recessive traits are those that show up only when the dominant trait is not present.
  • Seven pairs of contrasting characters are observed in plants, such as seed color, pod shape, and flower color.
  • Seed color can be yellow (dominant) or green (recessive), with genetic codes represented by letters like V for violet and G for green.
  • Plants can be tall (dominant) or short (recessive), with genetic codes determining their height.
  • Phenotype refers to the physical appearance of an organism, while genotype represents the genetic code responsible for that appearance.
  • Homozygous plants have the same gene codes, while heterozygous plants have different gene codes for a trait.
  • Monohybrid crosses study the inheritance of a single trait, while dihybrid crosses involve two traits.
  • In monohybrid crosses, three generations are observed: parental, F1, and F2, with plants showing either homozygous or heterozygous traits.
  • Cross-pollination between plants with different traits leads to offspring with varying genotypes and phenotypes.

32:47

Mendel's Laws: Dominance, Assortment, and Sex Determination

  • In the A2 generation, there are three tall individuals, indicating a dominant trait.
  • The discussion shifts to a family where both parents are tall, but one of their four children is not tall, showing recessive traits.
  • Characters differ from parents due to hidden traits, as Mendel observed in the monohybrid display.
  • The Law of Dominance states that dominant traits will be displayed.
  • In the F2 generation, genotypic and phenotypic ratios are determined, as seen in plant height.
  • The genotypic ratio consists of three capital-capital, one capital-small, and two small-small genotypes.
  • The phenotypic ratio shows three tall plants to one dwarf plant, resulting in a 3:1 ratio.
  • Through a dihybrid cross, it is understood that dominant traits display themselves independently.
  • The Law of Independent Assortment highlights that characters are responsible for themselves and do not influence each other.
  • Sex determination in humans involves 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one pair determining gender, showcasing the segregation of alleles and the role of autosomes and sex chromosomes.

52:03

Father's sperm determines baby's gender chances.

  • Prenatal sex determination is illegal during pregnancy, with a history of female child killings due to this practice being wrong. Understanding the sex determination process reveals that the responsibility lies with the father, as the sperm determines the gender, with a 50/50 chance of having a boy or girl child.
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