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Exam Edge: Socialism in Europe and Russian Revolution | One Shot | Class 9 | History | BYJU'S

BYJU'S - Class 9 & 10・103 minutes read

Ankita teaches socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution, emphasizing different political ideologies and the rise of socialism due to worker exploitation and challenges in Europe. The Russian Revolution led by Lenin overthrew the Provisional Government, established the Communist Party, and implemented policies for a socialist society, influencing Communist parties globally.

Insights

Ankita is leading a class on socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution, emphasizing the importance of staying till the end for a comprehensive understanding.
Different political ideologies like liberals, radicals, and conservatives emerged during the chapter, advocating for various rights and societal changes.
Socialism gained traction in Europe in the 19th century, with key figures like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels criticizing capitalism and advocating for communal ownership of resources.
The Russian Revolution saw the rise of the Bolshevik party under Lenin's leadership, leading to the establishment of the USSR and the implementation of socialist policies.

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Recent questions

What is the main focus of socialism in Europe?
Socialism advocates for public property and equal distribution of resources, aiming to eliminate private property and promote shared profits among workers.

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Summary

00:00

Ankita Teaches Socialism and Russian Revolution

Ankita is the teacher leading the class on socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution on the 9th and 10th channel of Byju's.
The class is a special one covering a lengthy chapter, and Ankita emphasizes the importance of staying till the end for a comprehensive understanding.
The duration of the class is two hours, and Ankita encourages students to have their notebooks and NCERT textbooks ready.
Ankita assures students that doubts will be addressed during the session and requests them not to spam the chat.
The chapter discusses socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution, highlighting the French Revolution and the rise of different political ideologies like liberals, radicals, and conservatives.
Liberals advocate for equality and an elected parliament but restrict voting rights to property owners.
Radicals believe in majority rule, support women's voting rights, and oppose wealth concentration in few hands.
Conservatives prefer slow-paced change and uphold traditional hierarchies.
The Industrial Revolution in Europe led to urbanization, with challenges like unemployment, low wages, poor housing, and sanitation conditions.
Liberals and radicals took action to address the exploitation of workers by landlords and factory owners, emphasizing the need for change.

17:50

Rise of Nationalism and Socialism in Europe

Nationalism rose with the idea of equal rights, harmony, and elected governments, opposing monarchy rule.
Nationalism and socialism differ in their views on property ownership and voting rights.
Socialism advocates for public property, equal distribution of resources, and cooperation among people.
Socialism aims to eliminate private property and promote shared profits among workers.
Socialism gained traction in Europe in the 19th century, particularly among working-class individuals.
Key figures in the spread of socialism include Robert Owen, Louis Blanc, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Ferdinand Lassalle.
Karl Marx criticized capitalism for exploiting workers and advocated for a communist society with socially controlled properties.
Socialism led to worker protests and demands for welfare, challenging factory owners' profit-focused mindset.
Factory owners faced a dilemma between worker welfare and maintaining profits, leading to uncertainty and potential collective action.
Support for socialism grew in the late 19th century, with countries backing the movement and workers advocating for their rights.

36:38

"Rise of Socialism and Political Parties in Europe"

Socialism gained popularity, leading to the formation of the Second International in 1889 to support and spread socialist ideas.
Workers in England and Germany formed the Second International to demand better working and living conditions.
Political parties emerged across Europe from the 1870s to 1905, including the Socialist Democratic Party in Germany, the Labor Party in Britain, and the Socialist Party in France.
The Russian Empire, ruled by Tsar Nicholas II, had a diverse population with various religions and a majority dependent on agriculture.
Russian peasants, dissatisfied with nobility, practiced cooperative farming and sought land ownership.
Urban areas in Russia saw industrial growth with expanding railways, foreign investments, and increased coal, iron, and steel production.
Factory workers in Russia faced long working hours, poor conditions, and gender pay disparities, leading to worker unrest and division based on skills.
The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was formed illegally in 1898, using newspapers, magazines, and strikes to spread socialist ideas.
Peasants in Russia were seen as natural socialists due to their cooperative farming practices, leading to the formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900.
The political landscape in Russia was marked by illegal parties, socialist activism in the countryside, and the emergence of parties advocating for worker and peasant rights.

55:30

Russian Revolution: Workers, Farmers, and Disagreements

Socialist parties were formed in urban and rural areas in 1900, one supporting workers and the other supporting farmers.
Disagreements arose between the Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries due to differing views on property distribution.
Lenin played a crucial role in the Russian Revolution, supporting the workers' movement and highlighting the differences among peasants.
The Social Democratic party split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, with Lenin leading the former and Martov leading the latter.
The 1905 Revolution saw liberals, Social Democrats, and Socialist Revolutionaries uniting to demand a constitution and challenge the rule of Tsar Nicholas II.
The harsh conditions in Russia in 1904 led to the formation of worker unions and the dismissal of the Assembly of Russian Workers.
In 1905, workers in Saint Petersburg went on strike, demanding reduced working hours, increased wages, and better working conditions.
The peaceful protest led by Father Gapon on Bloody Sunday resulted in the deaths of 100 workers and further fueled the anger and resolve of the people for change.

01:16:55

Russian Revolution: Struggles, Strikes, and Change

People across Russia supported the mass strikes for the Constitution, with liberals, social democrats, and nationalists joining forces.
Students, doctors, lawyers, and engineers united in support, forming various unions and demanding a Constitution assembly.
The Tsar agreed to create a Constitution assembly called the Duma, but factory committees and trade unions were declared illegal in 1905.
The first Duma was dismissed within 75 days, followed by the second Duma's dismissal after three months, and the third Duma comprised only supporters of the Tsar.
Despite the formation of the Duma, it did not benefit the people as it was controlled by the Tsar's supporters and restricted political activities.
The first World War began in 1914, with Russia joining the Allied Powers against the Central Powers, leading to significant losses and internal turmoil.
The Russian people started losing support for the King due to his refusal to consult the Duma, reliance on Rasputin's advice, and the Queen's German origins.
The war's impact on Russia included heavy losses, destroyed crops and buildings, lack of supplies, and a decline in industrial production.
The war led to a labor crisis, closure of small workshops, and food shortages, with bread queues and reports of bread shop riots by 1916.
In 1917, divisions between rich and poor in the city led to protests and strikes, culminating in the International Women's Day strike and the start of the Russian Revolution.

01:41:57

Russian Revolution: From Protests to Communism

Protests and strikes occurred on the elite side, leading to a curfew order by the government on February 22nd, with the crowd dispersing by the 25th.
The Duma was suspended during this time, with the Constitution Assembly also being suspended on February 27th.
Protesters attacked the police headquarters on February 27th, demanding better wages, democracy, and bread.
The police were ordered to fire on the protesters, but they refused, leading to officers joining the protesters in support.
The first United Soviet or Council, also known as the Petrograd Council, was formed in response to the police's actions.
Nicholas II was advised to abdicate the throne by his Minister, leading to the formation of the Provisional Government in 1917.
The Provisional Government consisted of industrialists, lawyers, landlords, army officers, socialists, and liberals, who decided to participate in World War I despite its negative impact on the country.
Lenin returned from exile in April 1917, took control of the Soviet councils, and presented the April Thesis demanding an end to the war, land transfer to peasants, and nationalization of banks.
The Bolshevik party was renamed the Communist Party under Lenin's leadership, aiming to build a communist society with equal sharing.
The October Revolution in 1917 saw Lenin overthrow the Provisional Government, leading to the nationalization of land, industries, and banks, and the banning of titles and uniforms.

02:01:20

Lenin's Russia: War, Revolution, and Socialism

Lenin signed a peace treaty with Germany to end Russian participation in World War I, leading to Russia's exit from the war.
The Bolshevik party became the sole party in Russia after participating in the All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
Lenin established a one-party state, with trade unions under party control and censorship in place.
Lenin faced opposition from non-Bolsheviks, socialists, and liberals, leading to a civil war between the Red (Bolshevik), Green (Socialist Revolutionary), and White (pro-monarchy) factions.
The Civil War lasted from 1918 to 1919, with the Bolsheviks gaining control by 1920.
The formation of the USSR occurred in December 1922, with non-Russian nationalists given autonomy.
Lenin's policies focused on creating a socialist society, nationalizing industries and banks, socializing land, and implementing centralized planning.
The first and second Five-Year Plans aimed to promote industrial growth and improve the Russian economy.
Lenin's death in 1924 led to Joseph Stalin taking power, implementing collectivization policies to address food shortages.
Peasants resisted collectivization, leading to forced grain collection, destruction of livestock, and protests against working on collective farms.

02:19:32

Stalin's rise, repression, and global impact.

Stalin came to power after Lenin's death and implemented collective farming, aiming to distribute profits equally among workers.
Criticism of Stalin was met with harsh actions, leading to imprisonment and labor camps for dissenters.
The Russian Revolution influenced the formation of Communist parties worldwide, including in Great Britain and India, spreading socialist ideologies globally.

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