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Control and Coordination in One Shot Class 10 Science (Biology) Concepts+| MCQs | BYJU'S Class 10

BYJU'S - Class 9 & 10・2 minutes read

Aishwarya's two-hour class on "Control and Coordination" emphasizes the nervous system's role in responding to stimuli, covering key concepts such as neurons, reflex arcs, and chemical coordination through hormones. The session is structured to enhance understanding through interactive discussions and a Menti quiz led by Ankita, ensuring students grasp complex topics effectively.

Insights

  • Aishwarya's class on "Control and Coordination" is designed to comprehensively cover the chapter in a two-hour session, emphasizing the importance of active participation and preparation, including having necessary materials ready for note-taking.
  • Aishwarya introduces key concepts related to the nervous system, including terms like stimulus, response, and receptors, while outlining the nervous system's functions in processing external changes and coordinating bodily responses, akin to a synchronized dance performance.
  • The structure and function of neurons are elaborated upon, highlighting their role as the main units of the nervous system, with details on components such as the soma, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath, which together facilitate rapid communication through electrical impulses.
  • The text distinguishes between different types of neurons—sensory, motor, and relay neurons—and explains their roles in reflex actions and voluntary movements, while also clarifying the difference between individual neurons and bundled nerves.
  • In discussing plant coordination, the text covers tropic and nastic movements, explaining how plants respond to stimuli through growth patterns influenced by hormones, such as auxins and gibberellins, which regulate various growth processes and adaptations to environmental changes.

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Recent questions

  • What is chemical coordination in biology?

    Chemical coordination in biology refers to the regulatory processes that involve hormones and chemical signals to control various functions within organisms. This system operates primarily through the endocrine system, which consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones act as messengers, traveling to target organs to induce specific physiological changes, such as growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions. For instance, the pituitary gland, often termed the "master gland," regulates other endocrine glands and produces hormones that influence growth and development. Understanding chemical coordination is crucial for grasping how organisms maintain homeostasis and respond to internal and external stimuli.

  • How do neurons transmit signals?

    Neurons transmit signals through a complex process involving electrical impulses and chemical neurotransmitters. Each neuron consists of several key parts: the soma (cell body), dendrites, and axon. When a stimulus is received, the dendrites detect the signal and generate an electrical impulse that travels through the soma and down the axon. The axon may be covered by a myelin sheath, which enhances the speed of signal transmission. At the axon terminals, the electrical signal triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse, the gap between neurons. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron, converting the electrical signal back into a chemical one, thus facilitating communication throughout the nervous system.

  • What are reflex actions?

    Reflex actions are quick, involuntary responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. They are essential for protecting the body from harm and are mediated by a reflex arc, which is a neural pathway that includes sensory neurons, relay neurons in the central nervous system, and motor neurons. When a stimulus, such as touching a hot object, is detected by sensory receptors, the information is transmitted to the spinal cord, where it is processed. A relay neuron connects the sensory neuron to a motor neuron, which then sends a signal to the effector, such as a muscle, to initiate a rapid response, like pulling away the hand. This mechanism allows for immediate reactions, minimizing potential injury.

  • What is the role of hormones in the body?

    Hormones play a vital role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, acting as chemical messengers that influence growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions. Produced by endocrine glands, hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to target organs, where they induce specific changes. For example, insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps regulate blood sugar levels, while adrenaline, released by the adrenal glands, prepares the body for a "fight or flight" response during stressful situations. Hormones also control slower processes, such as growth and development, and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Understanding the functions of different hormones is essential for comprehending how the body responds to internal and external changes.

  • What are tropic movements in plants?

    Tropic movements in plants are directional growth responses to environmental stimuli, allowing plants to adapt to their surroundings. These movements are categorized based on the type of stimulus, such as light, gravity, or water. For instance, phototropism is the growth of a plant towards light, enabling optimal photosynthesis, while geotropism refers to growth in response to gravity, helping roots anchor in the soil. Other examples include hydrotropism, where roots grow towards moisture, and thigmotropism, where plants respond to touch, as seen in the Mimosa plant, which closes its leaves when touched. These movements are regulated by plant hormones, or phytohormones, which facilitate growth and development in response to environmental conditions.

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Summary

00:00

Understanding Control and Coordination in Biology

  • The class, led by Aishwarya, focuses on the chapter "Control and Coordination" and is scheduled for a duration of 2 hours, aiming to cover the entire chapter in one session.
  • Students are encouraged to stay until the end of the class, where a surprise will be revealed, and they are reminded to have their notebooks, pens, textbooks, and water bottles ready for note-taking.
  • Aishwarya mentions that a Menti quiz will take place the following day, led by Ankita, to help students review the chapter's concepts, which are deemed complex.
  • The session is structured into three main segments: nervous coordination, chemical coordination in animals, and chemical coordination in plants, with a focus on nervous coordination first.
  • Key terminologies introduced include stimulus (an external change that triggers a reaction), response (the body's reaction to a stimulus), and receptors (specialized structures that detect stimuli).
  • The nervous system's functions are outlined: it informs the body of external changes, stores information for memory, and regulates voluntary and involuntary actions.
  • Neurons are identified as the structural and functional units of the nervous system, responsible for communication through electrical impulses or signals.
  • Aishwarya emphasizes the importance of understanding the nervous system's role in coordinating responses to external stimuli, likening it to a dance performance requiring synchronization.
  • The class encourages students to ask questions related to nervous coordination during that segment, with a promise to address queries about chemical coordination later.
  • Aishwarya reassures students that they will gain a comprehensive understanding of control and coordination by the end of the session, urging them to engage actively throughout the class.

16:01

Understanding Neuron Structure and Function

  • The neuron consists of several key parts: the soma (or cyton), dendrites, axon, axon terminals, nucleus, myelin sheath, and nodes of Ranvier, which are essential for its function in the nervous system.
  • The soma contains a prominent nucleus and is the central part of the neuron, while dendrites are cytoplasmic projections that receive electrical signals from other neurons.
  • The axon is a long projection that transmits electrical impulses away from the soma, and in some cases, it is surrounded by a myelin sheath, which is a protective fatty layer that enhances signal transmission.
  • Myelinated axons allow for faster electrical signal conduction, as the myelin sheath acts as an insulator, preventing signal interference and ensuring clear communication between neurons.
  • The nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate rapid signal transmission by allowing ions to flow in and out of the neuron, speeding up the electrical impulses.
  • Neurons do not physically connect; instead, they are closely placed with a gap called a synapse between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another, which is crucial for signal transmission.
  • When a stimulus occurs, the dendrites of a neuron receive the impulse, which is then transmitted through the soma and down the axon to the axon terminals, where neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
  • Neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, are chemicals released from the axon terminals that cross the synapse to transmit signals to the next neuron, converting the electrical signal into a chemical one at the synapse.
  • The neuromuscular junction is a specific type of synapse where the axon terminal of a motor neuron meets a muscle cell, allowing for communication that triggers muscle contraction.
  • Understanding the structure and function of neurons is essential for grasping how signals are transmitted throughout the nervous system, which is fundamental for studying control and coordination in biological systems.

32:26

Muscle Cells and Neurons in Reflex Actions

  • The text discusses the function of muscle cells, emphasizing their ability to contract and relax, which is essential for their role in the body.
  • It introduces three types of neurons: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and relay (or association) neurons, which are crucial for understanding reflex actions.
  • Sensory neurons transmit information from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord, playing a vital role in reflex actions, even though this is not explicitly mentioned in the NCRT curriculum.
  • Motor neurons carry information from the brain and spinal cord to various body parts, including muscles and glands, facilitating movement and response.
  • Relay neurons connect sensory and motor neurons, functioning like a baton in a relay race, and are primarily located in the brain and spinal cord.
  • The text clarifies the difference between neurons and nerves, stating that a neuron is a single cell, while nerves are bundles of many neurons' axons, often covered by a myelin sheath for insulation.
  • The myelin sheath is described as a fatty tissue that insulates and protects the axons of neurons, enhancing signal transmission.
  • It distinguishes between voluntary actions, which can be controlled (e.g., walking, talking), and involuntary actions, which occur automatically (e.g., heartbeat, digestion).
  • Reflex actions are defined as quick, involuntary responses to stimuli, such as touching a hot object, while a reflex arc is the pathway taken by electrical signals from receptors to effectors.
  • The reflex arc involves a stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, central nervous system (CNS), relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector, illustrating the rapid response mechanism of the nervous system.

48:11

Understanding the Nervous System and Reflexes

  • Reflex action is defined as an involuntary or nearly instantaneous response, exemplified by the act of quickly pulling back one's hand from a hot surface, facilitated by a reflex arc that represents the shortest route taken by impulses within the body.
  • The reflex arc involves a sequence where a stimulus is perceived by a receptor, which sends information through a sensory neuron to the central nervous system, where a relay neuron connects to a motor neuron that transmits the response to an effector, such as a muscle.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, both of which are protected by bony structures; the brain is encased in the cranium, while the spinal cord is safeguarded by the vertebral column.
  • The brain is also protected by three membranous coverings known as meninges, which include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, and between these membranes lies cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that absorbs shocks, keeps the CNS moist, and supplies food and oxygen.
  • The brain is divided into three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, with the forebrain being the largest and responsible for processing sensory information, intelligence, and memory.
  • The cerebrum, part of the forebrain, comprises two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and is characterized by grooves and ridges that increase the surface area for neuron connections, enhancing cognitive functions.
  • The midbrain, located between the forebrain and hindbrain, regulates visual and auditory processing and controls reflex actions such as blinking and pupil size adjustments in response to light.
  • The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata; the cerebellum coordinates voluntary muscle activity, the pons regulates respiratory functions and serves as a relay point, and the medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions like blood pressure and salivation.
  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nerves outside the CNS, divided into cranial nerves (12 pairs emerging from the brain) and spinal nerves (31 pairs emerging from the spinal cord), responsible for transmitting impulses for both voluntary and involuntary functions.
  • Alcohol consumption primarily affects the cerebellum, which is responsible for maintaining posture and body balance, leading to impaired motor functions and coordination.

01:03:43

Nervous and Endocrine Systems Overview

  • The medulla oblongata, part of the central nervous system (CNS), controls reflex actions such as salivation, which occurs in the mouth and is regulated by the brain, specifically the medulla.
  • Reflex actions are quick and instantaneous, while involuntary actions, like digestion, are slower and not under conscious control; this distinction highlights the difference between reflexes and involuntary actions.
  • The midbrain regulates eye reflexes, the cerebellum maintains body balance and posture, and the hypothalamus regulates body temperature and thirst.
  • The cerebrum is responsible for voluntary actions and processes sensory information from sense organs, emphasizing its role in conscious control.
  • Chemical coordination in humans is managed by the endocrine system, which operates separately from the nervous system and is essential for regulating slower processes like growth and metabolism.
  • Hormones, produced by specialized endocrine glands, are chemical substances transported by blood to target organs to induce specific changes in the body.
  • Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes, and ovaries; the pituitary gland is known as the master gland due to its role in regulating other glands and producing growth hormone.
  • The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolic rate, and requires iodine for proper function; insufficient iodine can lead to simple goiter, characterized by neck swelling.
  • The adrenal glands, situated atop the kidneys, produce adrenaline, known as the emergency hormone, which increases heart rate and blood circulation during stress or excitement.
  • The pancreas functions as a mixed gland, producing both digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon; insulin lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake, while glucagon raises blood sugar by converting stored glycogen back into glucose, with diabetes occurring when insulin production is insufficient.

01:19:58

Hormones and Their Roles in Reproduction

  • The testes are male sex organs located in the scrotal sac, responsible for producing testosterone, which aids in sperm development and the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics.
  • The ovaries are female reproductive organs that regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone; estrogen is crucial for ovulation, while progesterone supports the retention of a fertilized egg during pregnancy.
  • Oxytocin, produced by the pituitary gland, facilitates uterine contractions during childbirth, aiding in the birthing process.
  • Prolactin is a hormone that regulates milk production in the mammary glands of females.
  • There are two types of diabetes: Type 1, caused by insufficient insulin production, and Type 2, characterized by insulin resistance often linked to lifestyle factors.
  • To effectively memorize hormones, creating a tabular column is recommended for better organization and recall.
  • The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by the pituitary gland and regulates urine production and water retention in the body.
  • The hypothalamus, located in the forebrain, produces neurosecretory hormones that control the pituitary gland, which acts as a relay point for bodily impulses.
  • Plant movements can be categorized into tropic movements, which are directional responses to stimuli (like light or gravity), and nastic movements, which occur independently of stimuli.
  • Phototropism (growth towards light), geotropism (growth towards gravity), hydrotropism (growth towards water), thigmotropism (growth in response to touch), and chemotropism (growth towards chemicals) are specific types of tropic movements observed in plants.

01:36:30

Plant Growth and Movement Mechanisms Explained

  • The chapter discusses plant coordination, focusing on chemotropism, the growth of pollen tubes, and how organisms reproduce, emphasizing that the concepts are straightforward and engaging for learners.
  • Growth in plants occurs through changes in cell shape and size, influenced by water levels, which can lead to both an increase in cell number and mass, highlighting the importance of water in plant growth.
  • Tropic movements are directional responses to stimuli, while nastic movements are non-directional; for example, positive chemotropism is when pollen tubes grow towards chemical signals.
  • The Mimosa plant, also known as the touch-me-not plant, demonstrates nastic movement by closing its leaves upon touch due to changes in cell turgidity caused by water movement, illustrating thigmonasty.
  • Photomasty, another type of nastic movement, occurs in response to light intensity rather than direction, with the Oxalis plant's leaves drooping in low light as an example.
  • Plant hormones, or phytohormones, are chemical messengers that regulate growth and development; key hormones include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, each with specific functions in plant growth.
  • Auxins promote cell elongation and are produced in the shoot meristematic tissue, accumulating on the shaded side of the plant to facilitate upward growth, while gibberellins aid in stem elongation and breaking seed dormancy.
  • Abscisic acid acts as a stress hormone, promoting dormancy and aging in plants, while ethylene is primarily responsible for fruit ripening, showcasing the diverse roles of plant hormones in growth and response to environmental conditions.
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