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CBSE Class 11 Biology || Morphology of Flowering Plants || Full Chapter || By Shiksha House

Best for NEET・26 minutes read

Flowering plants, or angiosperms, feature distinct root and shoot systems that facilitate nutrient absorption and support various plant functions, including the reproduction of flowers made up of specialized structures. The text highlights the morphological characteristics and classifications of plant components such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, emphasizing their roles and adaptations within important plant families.

Insights

  • Flowering plants, known as angiosperms, are structured with distinct systems: the shoot system, which includes stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, and the root system, which anchors the plant and absorbs nutrients. The root system varies between plant types, with dicots typically developing a taproot system and monocots forming a fibrous root system, showcasing the diversity in plant adaptation and growth strategies.
  • Flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperms and consist of multiple parts, including sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, which can vary in arrangement and structure. Understanding the classifications of flowers, such as bisexual or unisexual and their inflorescence types, is crucial for recognizing how plants reproduce and interact with their environment, highlighting the complexity and importance of plant reproductive strategies.

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Summary

00:00

Structure and Function of Flowering Plants

  • Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are characterized by roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, with the above-ground portion called the shoot system and the below-ground portion known as the root system, which anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
  • The root system consists of a root cap, meristematic region, elongation region, and maturation region, with root hairs emerging from the maturation region to assist in nutrient absorption; the primary root in dicots forms a taproot system, while monocots develop a fibrous root system.
  • Adventitious roots can emerge from stems or leaves, as seen in plants like monstera and grass, and can serve various functions, such as food storage in sweet potatoes or support in banyan trees, while stilt roots in sugarcane and maize provide additional support.
  • Stems, which develop from the plumule of a germinating seed, serve as the main axis of the plant, bearing branches, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits, and can be modified for functions like food storage, climbing, or protection, as seen in plants like potato and bougainvillea.
  • Leaves, primarily responsible for photosynthesis, develop at the nodes of stems and consist of a leaf base, petiole, and lamina, with variations in shape, venation (either reticulate in dicots or parallel in monocots), and arrangement (opposite, alternate, or whorled).
  • Leaves can be classified as simple or compound, with simple leaves having entire lamina and compound leaves having incisions that reach the midrib; compound leaves can be further categorized into pinnate and palmate types based on leaflet arrangement.
  • Modified leaves serve various functions, such as food storage in onion and garlic, capturing insects in Venus flytraps, and climbing in pea plants, while in cacti, leaves are modified into spines for protection.
  • Flowers, the reproductive structures of plants, typically consist of four whorls: calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels), with the calyx protecting the flower in bud stage and the corolla attracting pollinators.
  • Flowers can be classified as bisexual (having both reproductive organs) or unisexual (having either androecium or gynoecium), and can also be symmetrical or asymmetrical, with further classifications based on the arrangement of floral parts and the number of parts in each whorl.
  • Inflorescence refers to the arrangement of flowers on a floral axis, with two major types: racemose (flowers appear laterally and the main axis continues to grow) and cymose (flowers appear in a base-to-apex order, ending the main axis growth).

26:35

Flower Structure and Reproductive Systems Explained

  • The Corolla of a flower can be either united (gamma) or free (polypetalous), with the arrangement of sepals and petals in a flower bud referred to as estivation, which can be classified into valve, twisted, imbricate, and zygomorphic types.
  • The stamen, the male reproductive organ of a flower, consists of a filament and an anther, which contains pollen grains; sterile stamens are called staminodes, and the lengths of filaments can vary, as seen in mustard and salvia.
  • Stamens can be attached to each other or to other flower parts, with examples including mustard flowers (epipetalous) and lilies (epiphytes), while they can also be free (polyandrous) as in lilies or united in varying degrees as in China rose, pea plants, and citrus plants.
  • The gynoecium, the innermost whorl, consists of one or more carpels, which can be fused (syncarpous) as in tomato and mustard or free (apocarpous) as in rose and lotus; each carpel has three parts: stigma, style, and ovary.
  • The ovary contains ovules attached to a placenta, and after fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds while the ovary matures into fruit; the arrangement of ovules is termed placentation, which can be axial, parietal, basal, free-central, or marginal.
  • Fruits are defined biologically as fertilized ovaries with seeds, but some fruits, like seedless watermelons and bananas, are parthenocarpic, developing without fertilization; the fruit consists of the pericarp and seeds.
  • The pericarp can be fleshy (as in mango) or dry (as in hazelnut), with mango having three layers: exocarp (outer), mesocarp (middle), and endocarp (inner); fruits like mango and peach are classified as drupes.
  • Seeds are classified into dicotyledons (two cotyledons) and monocotyledons (one cotyledon), with dicot seeds having a seed coat made of two layers and a hilum, while monocot seeds, like maize, have a membranous seed coat fused with the fruit wall.
  • The floral description of a plant includes vegetative characters (roots, stem, leaves) followed by floral characters (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels), culminating in a floral formula and diagram that represent the flower's structure and relationships.
  • Important flowering plant families include Fabaceae (legumes), Solanaceae (potato family), and Liliaceae (lily family), each with distinct morphological characteristics, reproductive structures, and economic significance, such as pulses, food crops, and ornamental plants.
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