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Biological Classification in One Shot | 45 Days Crash Course | NEET 2024 | Seep Pahuja

Unacademy NEET・145 minutes read

The lecture on Biological Classification covers the history of classification systems, from Aristotle to the Six Kingdom System, emphasizing the importance of understanding classification based on cell walls and organization. Various organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, protists, and animals, are classified based on unique characteristics, reproduction methods, and habitats.

Insights

  • The lecture covers the five kingdoms of classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
  • The history of classification systems, from Aristotle's plant height-based system to Linnaeus' Two Kingdom System, is discussed.
  • The importance of understanding the flow chart for effective learning is emphasized.
  • The lecture delves into the distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, highlighting the significance of cell wall presence.
  • Various examples like Spirogyra and Mycoplasma are used to explain key concepts in biological classification.

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Recent questions

  • What are the five kingdoms of classification?

    Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

  • How is the Two Kingdom System of Classification divided?

    Carolus Linnaeus highlighted it.

  • What are the criteria for the Five Kingdom System of Classification?

    Reproduction, cellular organization, phylogenetic, mode of nutrition, body organization.

  • What are the three domains in the Six Kingdom System of Classification?

    Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.

  • How do bacteria form colonies for photosynthesis?

    Through mesosomes.

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Summary

00:00

Biological Classification: Notes, Kingdoms, and History

  • The chapter being covered is Biological Classification.
  • The first homework is to have super notes ready with all NCRT details.
  • The second homework involves creating actual notes for better understanding.
  • Students are encouraged to have a copy, pen, and A4 sheets ready for note-taking.
  • The lecture covers the five kingdoms of classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
  • The importance of understanding the flow chart for effective learning is emphasized.
  • The lecture delves into the history of classification systems, starting from the earliest non-scientific methods.
  • Aristotle's classification based on plant height and animal blood color is discussed.
  • The Two Kingdom System of Classification by Carolus Linnaeus is highlighted.
  • The lecture emphasizes the importance of learning the classification system based on the presence or absence of cell walls.

15:21

"Classification Systems: From Bacteria to Eukarya"

  • Bacteria and Dino Flagolet were added to the plant for safety.
  • Creases Hofindia was also included in the plant.
  • Unicellular and multicellular organisms were discussed, with bacteria being unicellular and plants multicellular.
  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms were mentioned to be walking together.
  • The limitations of the system were highlighted, with a focus on the differentiation between uni and multicellular organisms.
  • Examples such as Clay and Spirogyra were used to explain the concepts.
  • The importance of differentiating between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms was emphasized.
  • The criteria for the Four Kingdom System of Classification were discussed, including the addition of Mycota.
  • The Five Kingdom System of Classification was introduced, with criteria such as reproduction, cellular organization, phylogenetic, mode of nutrition, and body organization.
  • The Six Kingdom System of Classification was explained, dividing organisms into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

30:41

Cell Type Differences in Eukaryotic Cells

  • Eukaryotic cells are distinct from prokaryotic cells, which are differentiated based on cell type.
  • Monera is a prokaryotic cell type, while all others are eukaryotic.
  • Monera has a cell wall made of poly sacra id, not cellulose, which is composed of poly sacra id and amino acids.
  • Peptide bonds are present in amino acids, forming peptoglycer, the cell wall of bacteria.
  • Mycoplasma is a monera exception without a cell wall.
  • Protista may have a cell wall, with Mycoplasma being an exception.
  • Fungal cellulose, not cellulose, makes up the cell wall of fungi.
  • Animals do not have cell walls, unlike plants.
  • Prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane, unlike eukaryotes.
  • Multicellularity first appeared in animals, specifically triploblastic organisms.

45:17

"Algae Classification: Unicellular vs. Multicellular Kingdoms"

  • Mydo Manas and Chlorella are unicellular green algae.
  • The two kingdom system of classification separated when Protesta was introduced.
  • According to Whittaker, all unicellular organisms, including algae, should be in the Plant Kingdom.
  • Chlorella, despite being an algae, is counted in Protista.
  • Spirogyra and Eulo Fricks are multicellular green algae.
  • Monera includes only bacteria, with extreme conditions like hot springs and deep oceans being their habitats.
  • Monera is divided into RK bacteria and Yu bacteria, with RK bacteria thriving in extreme conditions due to their unique cell membrane.
  • RK bacteria are further categorized into Halophiles, Thermo Acidophiles, and Methanogens based on their habitats.
  • The Five Kingdom System groups together unicellular organisms like Mydo Manas and Chlorella under Protista.
  • BGA, Mycoplasma, and normal bacteria are part of the Yu bacteria category, with BGA being cyanobacteria or blue-green algae.

01:01:21

Bacteria and plants in symbiotic relationships

  • Pteridophytes play a role in nitrogen fixation.
  • Symbiotic relationships exist between various organisms.
  • Gymnosperm Cycas and its roots have a symbiotic relationship.
  • Chromatophores aid in photosynthesis.
  • Mesosomes are structures in bacteria for photosynthesis.
  • Bacteria can form colonies for photosynthesis.
  • Heterocysts in bacteria maintain anaerobic conditions for nitrogen fixation.
  • Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria utilize gas vacuoles for chemoautotrophy.
  • Bacteria can perform oxidation reactions to produce ATP.
  • Different categories of bacteria include saprophytic, parasitic, and symbiotic relationships.

01:17:04

"Bacteria Evolution and Reproduction in Protesta"

  • Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation, while asexual reproduction results in clones with limited variation.
  • Bacteria have evolved over time through genetic exchange, such as transduction and transformation.
  • Bacteria develop resistance through modifications within themselves.
  • Asexual reproduction occurs in favorable and unfavorable conditions, leading to binary fission or spore formation.
  • DNA replication in bacteria happens prior to fission or during the S phase.
  • Bacteria divide through binary fission, with DNA located between the cell wall and membrane.
  • Protesta is divided into five categories, including dyno flag, cry joffa, Euglena, slime molds, and protozoa.
  • Dyno flags are photosynthetic and found in marine waters, with different colors like red, yellow, blue, and brown.
  • Dyno flags responsible for red tide release toxins and have cell walls made of cellulose plates with deep pits.
  • Cry joffa, like Dr. Atoms and desmet, are photoautotrophic, with Dr. Atoms being the chief producer in ocean ecosystems.

01:33:32

Microscopic Marine Life: Phytoplanktons, Euglena, and Slime Molds

  • Marine water can be found in fresh water, where microscopic phytoplanktons float passively.
  • Phytoplanktons have cell walls impregnated with silica, making them indestructible and used in polishing and filtration.
  • Euglena are photoautotrophs that accumulate photoautotrophic pigments in sunlight, becoming heterotrophic without it.
  • Euglena serve as a connecting link between plants and animals, exhibiting mixotrophic nutrition.
  • Slime molds are heterotrophic saprobes, surviving on dead and decaying matter with fungal-like characteristics.
  • Slime molds lack cell walls but form fruiting bodies in favorable conditions, dispersing spores for reproduction.
  • Spores of slime molds have true cell walls made of cellulose, dispersing through air for reproduction.
  • Slime molds undergo karyokinesis but not cytokinesis, forming structures through multiple rounds of division.
  • Protozoa, behaving like primitive animals, lack cell walls and are all heterotrophs with various locomotion methods.
  • Protozoa can be divided based on locomotion, such as pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and porogenomer, with examples like Paramecium exhibiting cilia for movement and food ingestion.

01:49:45

Genetics, Nuclei, and Microorganisms in Heredity

  • Genetics plays a crucial role in heredity, with microorganisms influencing the genes passed on to the next generation.
  • There are macro and micro sciences involved, leading to two types of nuclei.
  • Nuclear Dymphy demonstrates the role of the nucleus in heredity and food intake.
  • The oral cavity is the initial point for food intake, with the nucleus controlling metabolic activities.
  • Porifera are primitive animals, with some being parasitic like Trypanosoma causing diseases such as sleeping sickness and Kala Azar.
  • Sporozoites are endoparasites found inside hosts, with examples like Plasmodium causing malaria.
  • Euglena is a freshwater organism with protein covering instead of a cell wall, capable of photosynthesis and predation.
  • Slime molds are saprophytic, forming bodies with spores in unfavorable conditions.
  • Fungi like Fanja are diverse, existing in terrestrial habitats with a preference for moist and warm conditions.
  • Yeast is a unicellular fungus, while Fanja can be multicellular, following Whittaker's classification into the protest group.

02:07:10

Fungal Hyphae and Spores: Development and Types

  • Spores develop into hyphae, forming an interwoven network.
  • Material is classified into single-thread hyphae and multiple-thread mycelium.
  • Hyphae can be septate or aseptate, with divisions in septate hyphae.
  • Septate hyphae contain septa, while aseptate ones lack septa.
  • Monokaryotic stage features a single nucleus in each compartment.
  • Differentiated nuclei in compartments indicate genetically distinct conditions.
  • Asexual spores include yoke sporangia, live sporangia, geo sporangia, and konia sporangia.
  • Asexual spores are mitotic and formed through mitosis.
  • Zoospores are endogenous and formed inside sporangia.
  • Asexual spores like conidial and oidia are common, with varying ploidy levels.

02:23:25

"Cell Fusion and Spore Formation Process"

  • The body is material and folded into two traps.
  • Sales will happen first when the cells come closer, followed by the fusion of cytoplasm.
  • Plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm, leading to the formation of a gut cell.
  • The fusion of nuclei results in the formation of a 2n jagot.
  • The intermediate stage between plasmogamy is called the Mansion DiaKerio phase.
  • Sexual spores are formed through meiosis and germinate into Malium.
  • Fruiting bodies are formed in Basio Mice Cities and Esco MyCityJurat.
  • Classification is based on morpho, spore formation, and fruiting bodies.
  • Phyco MyCity is common in soil and forms two types of spores: O spore and Jago spore.
  • Basidiospores are formed through meiosis in Basio Mice Cities, leading to sexual reproduction.

02:39:58

"Spore Formation and Types in Fungi"

  • Spores are formed outside in Bedio, while kinesis happens inside meiosis.
  • Exogenous spores are sexual spores, and they are formed outside.
  • Examples like Pigeon Rust are used to explain the concept of spores.
  • Parasitic examples like Arkas and Funja Puff Balls are discussed.
  • Rust causes diseases like brown and black rest in serials, including puff pulse mushrooms.
  • The fruiting body in Kisii includes Basidiopore and fruiting body, with only two having fruiting bodies.
  • The formation of ascospores inside the ascus is explained.
  • Endogenous spores have a ploidy level of A and are formed through meiosis.
  • The structure of Sack Like Bodies in Esco Carp is discussed.
  • The formation of ascospores inside the ascus and outside is clarified.

02:56:36

Understanding Virus: Structure, Classification, and Disease

  • Virus causing tobacco mosaic disease is named Conte Geum
  • The fluid responsible for the disease is named condensed matter
  • Attempts were made to crystallize the virus fluid, revealing it is made of protein
  • The virus is an obligate parasite, inert outside the host cell
  • Viruses contain either DNA or RNA, not both
  • Three types of viruses are classified: infectious, plant, and animal viruses
  • Examples of single standard RNA viruses include measles, rabies, and polio
  • Viral agents lack either protein or nucleic acid, not both
  • Viral agents causing disease in animals include Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
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