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SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES in 1 Shot (Concepts+PYQs) || Class 11th ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

NCERT Wallah・2 minutes read

Ashima Gupta introduces the 11th Class pace series focusing on Organic Chemistry, starting with the chapter "Basic principles and techniques" from NCRT. The chapter covers IUPAC Nomenclature, Isomerism, and General Organic Chemistry (GOC), discussing historical definitions and the evolution of organic compounds' study.

Insights

Organic Chemistry focuses on carbon compounds, particularly hydrocarbons and derivatives, with a historical evolution from a broader definition.
Naming organic compounds follows IUPAC guidelines, involving prefixes, roots, and suffixes to represent structure and functional groups accurately.
Different types of bonds in organic compounds, such as Sigma and Pi bonds, are classified based on carbon hybridizations and the number of bonds formed.
Organic compound naming includes rules for straight chain and branch chain hydrocarbons, emphasizing proper numbering and identifying functional groups.
Aromatic compounds must meet specific criteria for aromaticity, including cyclic structure, continuous conjugation, planarity, and specific pi electron counts for aromatic, anti-aromatic, or non-aromatic classification.

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Recent questions

What is the focus of the 11th Class pace series?
Organic Chemistry
How did Fried Voller's accidental creation impact organic chemistry?
Challenged vital force theory
How are organic compounds classified based on carbon bonding?
Sigma and Pi bonds
What are the key components of IUPAC nomenclature rules?
Prefixes, roots, suffixes
How are functional groups identified and named in organic compounds?
Specific suffixes

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Summary

00:00

"Introduction to Organic Chemistry: NCERT Basics"

Ashima Gupta introduces the 11th Class pace series focusing on Organic Chemistry, starting with the chapter "Basic principles and techniques" from NCRT.
The chapter is divided into parts, including IUPAC Nomenclature and Isomerism, with a focus on carbon energy and compounds.
The chapter progresses to cover General Organic Chemistry (GOC) and maintains the flow as per NCERT guidelines.
Organic Chemistry was historically defined as the study of carbon compounds, but this definition evolved to focus on hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Fried Voller's accidental creation of urea in a lab challenged the vital force theory, leading to a revolution in organic chemistry.
Organic compounds are now synthesized in labs, leading to a vast array of organic compounds used in various industries.
Kovalenko bonding in organic compounds is classified into Sigma and Pi bonds, with different hybridizations based on the number of bonds formed by carbon.
Carbon is classified into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary types based on the number of carbons it is connected to.
IUPAC nomenclature rules dictate the order of prefixes, roots, and suffixes in naming organic compounds, with attention to substituents and branching.
The naming process involves identifying branches and numbering them to accurately represent the compound's structure.

19:57

Organic compound naming: structure, bonds, groups, order.

Naming organic compounds involves identifying the structure, including the presence of double or triple bonds on carbon atoms.
The 1st degree prefix is used when a closed chain is present, indicated by the term "Cyclo" for cyclic structures.
The word root in the compound name denotes the number of carbon atoms in the main chain, determining the prefix (e.g., "meth" for one carbon, "eth" for two carbons).
Suffixes indicate the type of bond between carbon atoms in the main chain, with "ene" for double bonds and "yne" for triple bonds.
Functional groups in the compound are denoted by suffixes, with specific groups like aldehyde or alcohol indicated by additional suffixes.
The naming process involves determining the main chain's carbon atoms, identifying the type of bond between carbons, and specifying the functional group present.
Straight chain hydrocarbons are named based on the presence of double or triple bonds, with numbering starting from the end closest to the bond.
Alphabetical order is crucial in naming compounds with multiple bonds, with priority given to the bond appearing first in the alphabet.
Tiebreakers in naming compounds with double and triple bonds are resolved by alphabetical order, ensuring clarity in the naming process.
The naming convention for organic compounds follows a systematic approach, considering the number of carbon atoms, the type of bonds present, and the alphabetical order of multiple bonds.

35:34

Naming Organic Compounds: Rules and Examples

If the number is five, then the next is six; the lowest number picks up hex beta double.
If a bond comes thrice, it will be on one, three, and five; with two on three and four, and if on five, the remaining space is with six.
Single bond will be the same thing; if it comes more often, it will come twice.
If the same thing comes thrice in the chain, put a suffix for tri and double bundle.
A compound is named using A for Hedges double on one, three times on five.
For branch chain hydrocarbons, the first rule is to select the longest chain with double or triple bonds included in the main chain.
The second rule is to number the main chain so that branching gets the lowest number.
Naming branching involves prefixes like ethyl, propyl, iso propyl, and butyl based on the structure.
Naming compounds involves identifying the main chain, numbering it, and naming the branches accordingly.
Examples of compound naming include three-try ethyl hexane, three-ethyl-four-methyl hexane, and three-three-dye ethyl pentane.

55:30

Naming Functional Groups in Organic Compounds

The compound consists of a main chain with a methyl group on the second carbon.
The main chain has four carbons with double bonds at the first and third carbons.
The compound is named as 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene.
A chain of six carbons is selected as the main chain, with a methyl group on the third and fourth carbons.
The compound is named as 3,4-dimethylhex-2-ene.
Closed chain hydrocarbons are discussed, emphasizing the importance of numbering and identifying functional groups.
Cyclopropane with a single bond and a methyl group on the first carbon is named as 1-methylcyclopropane.
The naming of cyclopentanol with a double bond on the first carbon is detailed.
The compound is named as 2,3-dimethylcyclopentanol.
Functional groups like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and halogens are identified and named in various compounds.

01:16:58

Naming Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

The suffix for ketone is "on" and for butane, it starts with "o," so the latter "e" is removed, and ketone will come twice in the sixth position.
Ketone can appear twice, and functional groups can occur more than once in a chain.
Cyclopentanol is named for a closed chain with alcohol at the first carbon.
Ketone is named based on the position in the chain, with branching outside the closed chain starting straight from "cyclo."
Aldehyde is identified by starting from the third carbon in a five-carbon chain.
Ester is named by starting with the R group followed by the alkane part, with the word root for two carbons being "eth."
Halogen is named based on the lowest number carbon, with prefixes like "chloro" and "bromo" added.
The name for a compound with a double bond on the second carbon and a ketone on the third is "3-hydroxybutane hoic acid."
Aldehyde takes priority over halogen in naming, with the chain starting from the carbon with the aldehyde group.
Functional groups are named based on priority, with the main functional group as the principal one, and other groups added as substitutes.

01:36:53

"Benzene Derivatives: Naming and Conversions"

Chlorobenzene is converted to bromobenzene by adding bromine.
Fluorobenzene is formed by adding fluorine to benzene.
Iodine addition to fluorobenzene results in iodo benzene.
Bromobenzene does not have a common name.
Benzene is accepted as a myth and named as Any Soul.
Benzene with CO attached is called s benz Hyde.
Benzoic acid is the name for benzene with CO attached.
Benzene with Beta C double bond C3 is named s ato none.
Benzene with additional groups is named based on the position of the group.
Naming benzene derivatives involves understanding ortho, meta, and para positions.

01:55:53

"Branching affects boiling points in isomers"

More branching leads to lower boiling points due to similar molecular masses.
Boylic decides boiling points based on branching.
Neo Pente has a lower boiling point than iso pente due to chain length differences.
Isomet indicates position isomerism, where compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in position.
Position isomers can have double or triple bonds in different positions.
Functional groups can vary in different positions, like methyl groups.
Functional isomerism involves compounds with the same molecular formula but different functional groups.
Examples include alcohol and ether isomerism, as well as aldehyde and ketone isomerism.
Carboxylic acid and ester isomerism show differences in functional groups.
Ring-chain isomerism involves compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures, like cycloalkanes and alkenes.

02:17:18

"Attacking Reagents: Electrophiles, Nucleophiles, and Intermediates"

Two types of attacking reagents: Pre-radicals and Electrophiles and Nucleophiles.
Electrophiles are electron-loving species that attract negative charges towards themselves.
Electrophiles have a positive charge and severe electron deficiency, like H+ or CH3.
Nucleophiles are species that love positive charges and can donate or share electron pairs.
Nucleophiles can be neutral but have at least one lone pair to share.
Intermediates are briefly generated during reactions when attacking reagents interact with organic substrates.
Inductive effect involves permanent polarization due to electron displacement in saturated carbon chains.
Inductive effect is classified into Plus I effect (electron-donating groups) and Minus I effect (electron-withdrawing groups).
Acidic strength is influenced by the inductive effect, with electron-withdrawing groups increasing acidity.
Basic strength is directly proportional to the Plus I effect and inversely proportional to the Minus I effect, affecting the tendency to donate electron pairs.

02:37:04

"Electron Sources Impact Stability in Organic Compounds"

Electrons in Look are received from one place, while the poor guy gets them from two places, and we get them from three places, leading to growth in the Plus Aa effect and carb cutting.
Stability in carbohydrate harvesting increases as the positive carbon amount rises, with electrons coming from multiple sources causing instability.
The stability of carbon ions varies based on the degree, with 3rd-degree carbon ions being the most stable due to the maximum Plus I effect, followed by 2nd-degree and then 1st-degree carbon ions.
Stability in carbon ions decreases as the degree increases, with 3rd-degree carbon ions being the least stable due to excessive negative charge.
The electromeric effect occurs temporarily when an outside attacking reagent interacts with organic compounds containing multiple bonds, with two types - Plus E and Minus E effects.
Plus E effect involves electrophiles attacking pi bonds, causing electron shifts and bond formation, while Minus E effect involves nucleophiles attacking pi bonds, leading to charge redistribution.
Resonance in organic compounds involves electron delocalization through pi bonds, with conditions like conjugated pi bonds, pi-sigma negative charge, pi-sigma lone pair, pi-sigma positive charge, and pi-sigma free radical.
Resonance creates resonant structures or canonical forms, with the actual structure being a hybrid of these forms, where stability increases with more resonant structures.
Resonance effects are crucial in organic compounds, known as mesomeric or meso effects, categorized into Plus M or Plus R effect and Minus M or Minus R effect based on electron donation or withdrawal from conjugated groups.
Plus Aa effect involves electron donation from conjugated groups, impacting stability and reactivity in organic compounds.

02:57:05

Electron Donating and Withdrawing Groups in Aromatics

Presence of electron donating group with lone pairs or negative charge indicates electron donating group
Electron withdrawing group always has multiple bonds and electronegativity difference
Groups like O with lone pairs or NH2 show electron donation
NO2 indicates multiple bonds and beta aldehyde with double bonds
Phenol with lone pairs behaves as a donating group
Electrons from pi bond resonate to form double bonds and positive charge on oxygen
Negative charge and double bonds shift within the benzene ring due to electron withdrawing groups
Electrophile attack on phenol is directed by Plus A or Plus R effect
Minus A or Minus R effect withdraws positive charge from benzaldehyde
Aromatic compounds must be cyclic, have continuous conjugation, planarity, and 4n+2 pi electrons for aromaticity; anti-aromatic compounds have 4n pi electrons; non-aromatic compounds fail these conditions

03:17:38

"Sigma Pi Transition, Aromatic Stability in Organics"

Sigma positive has transitioned to Sigma Pi, with Sigma going positive.
Carbon produced during beta carbo harvesting is sp2 hybridized due to forming three bonds.
sp2 hybridization results in one sigma and two pi bonds, totaling 4 pi electrons.
Aromatic compounds with 4 pi electrons fall under the aromatic category.
Cyclic compounds with Pi Sigma Positive and Pi Sigma positive are sp2 hybridized.
Negative charges lead to planarity and resonance, with 6 pi electrons in aromatic compounds.
Hyperconjugation involves stability through hyper conjulere and alpha carbon sp3 hybridization.
Hyperconjugation occurs in carbohydrate harvesting, free radicals, and alkenes.
Free radicals and alkenes exhibit hyperconjugation with three hyper conjugate structures.
Calculating the number of hyper conjugate structures aids in determining stability in organic compounds.

03:39:35

"Organic Chemistry: Bonds, Stability, and Reactions"

Hydrogen is used in counting, with two bonds formed and two remaining on the son of Carbon.
A carbon with only one bond formed will have three A's.
Seven alpha hydrogens result in a hyperextended structure.
Stability is discussed, with the calculation of hyper quotient structures.
The order of stability is arranged based on the number of hyper conjugate structures.
The process of generating intermediates, including carbo cations, free radicals, and carb anions, is explained.
The stability order of carbo cations, free radicals, and carb anions is detailed.
The shape and characteristics of carbo cations, free radicals, and carb anions are described.
The classification of organic reactions into addition, elimination, substitution, and rearrangement reactions is outlined, along with the purification techniques for organic compounds.

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