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1 Day 1 Chapter: Biomolecules | 45 Days Crash Course | NEET 2024 | Akansha Karnwal

Unacademy NEET・84 minutes read

Akanksha introduces Class 12th Organic Chemistry, emphasizing the completion of the unit with a transition to physical chemistry and the significance of studying biomolecules, including carbohydrates. Glucose structure, reactions, classifications, and formation into pentaacetate compounds are detailed, along with explanations of Fischer Projection, Haworth notation, and the importance of understanding carbohydrate structures.

Insights

  • The study of biomolecules, particularly carbohydrates, is highlighted as crucial due to their significance in both biology and chemistry, emphasizing the ease of scoring marks in related topics.
  • Glucose, a fundamental carbohydrate, showcases distinct chemical properties such as reacting with hydroxylamine to form an oxime and with hydrogen cyanide to form cyanohydrin, revealing the presence of specific functional groups like aldehydes.
  • Understanding the structure of glucose, represented in Fischer and Haworth projections, is essential for identifying functional groups and linkages in carbohydrates, with detailed instructions provided for creating these representations accurately.

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Recent questions

  • What are biomolecules?

    Biomolecules are naturally occurring organic compounds essential for plant and animal survival. They play crucial roles in various biological processes and are the building blocks of life.

  • How are carbohydrates classified?

    Carbohydrates are classified into mono saccharides, oligo saccharides, and poly saccharides based on their behavior with water. This classification helps in understanding their structure, function, and importance in biological systems.

  • What is the structure of glucose?

    Glucose has a molecular formula of C6H12O6, containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It reacts with various reagents to confirm the presence of the aldehyde group and undergoes different reactions to form various compounds.

  • How is glucose represented in Fischer projection?

    Glucose is represented in Fischer projection based on the position of hydrogen and oxygen on the first carbon atom. It can exist in alpha or beta form, and the structure is crucial for identifying functional groups and linkages in carbohydrates.

  • What is the importance of proteins in biological systems?

    Proteins play essential roles in catalysis, transport, and structure within living organisms. Their primary, secondary, and tertiary structures determine their functions, and denaturation can occur due to external factors like pH or temperature changes.

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Summary

00:00

"Unacademy: Class 12 Organic Chemistry and Biomolecules"

  • Akanksha from Unacademy introduces Class 12th Organic Chemistry, focusing on aldehyde, keto, aldehyde, ketone, and Carbohydrates.
  • The completion of Class 12th Organic Chemistry is emphasized, with a transition to physical chemistry.
  • Biomolecules are highlighted as a crucial unit, offering short chapters that yield marks easily.
  • The significance of studying biomolecules is underscored, with the potential for questions in both biology and chemistry.
  • The focus shifts to chemical aspects of biomolecules, including their structures, linkages, and synthesis.
  • The completion of the entire unit in one session is celebrated, encouraging enthusiasm and participation.
  • An opportunity for a free trial of Unacademy subscription is shared, urging learners to enroll for maximum benefit.
  • Biomolecules are defined as naturally occurring organic compounds essential for plant and animal survival.
  • Carbohydrates are classified into mono saccharides, oligo saccharides, and poly saccharides based on their behavior with water.
  • Examples like glucose, fructose, sucrose, ribose, and galactose are used to illustrate the classification of carbohydrates into different classes.

16:12

"Glucose: Structure, Reactions, and Classification"

  • Sucrose breaks down into glucose and fructose, forming two different monosaccharides.
  • Maltose, when broken down, yields two glucose units.
  • Polysaccharides like cellulose and starch are non-sugars and do not taste sweet.
  • Starch can be hydrolyzed to produce glucose on a large scale.
  • Glucose is classified as an aldohexose due to its structure and functional groups.
  • Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form an oxime, indicating the presence of a carbonyl group.
  • Glucose reacts with hydrogen cyanide to form cyanohydrin, confirming the presence of an aldehyde group.
  • The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6, containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group.
  • Glucose reacts with bromine water to form gluconic acid, showing the presence of the aldehyde group.
  • Glucose reacts with acetic anhydride, further confirming the presence of the aldehyde functional group.

32:39

"Glucose: Structure, Reactions, and Representations"

  • Acetic anhydride reacts with glucose to form pentaacetate compound.
  • Pentaacetate compound of glucose contains five hydroxyl groups.
  • Glucose undergoes oxidation with nitric acid to form succinic acid.
  • Glucose structure consists of six carbon atoms with an aldehyde functional group.
  • Fischer projection is used to represent the structure of glucose.
  • D-glucose is determined based on the position of hydrogen and oxygen on the first carbon atom.
  • Glucose can exist in alpha or beta form based on the arrangement of hydrogen and oxygen on the first carbon atom.
  • Glucose structure is classified as alpha D-glucose or beta D-glucose.
  • Glucose structure is represented in Haworth notation, showing a closed six-member ring structure.
  • Understanding the structure of glucose is crucial for identifying functional groups and linkages in carbohydrates.

48:48

Creating Haworth Projections of Carbohydrates

  • The process described is not difficult and can be easily followed by anyone.
  • Instructions involve placing certain elements on the top or bottom based on their position in the structure.
  • The thumb rule is to keep ch2oh on top in the structure.
  • The structure involves identifying carbon atoms and placing hydrogen atoms accordingly.
  • The process includes creating the Haworth Projection of Glucose.
  • The structure formation involves specific rules for positioning elements based on Fischer Projection.
  • The process also covers the creation of Alpha D Glucose and Beta D Glucose.
  • Fructose is explained as a Keto Hexose with a ketone functional group and a chain of six carbon atoms.
  • The process of linking Alpha D Glucose and Beta D Fructose involves condensation and glycoside linkage.
  • The final product, sucrose, is a disaccharide formed by linking Alpha D Glucose and Beta D Fructose through glycoside linkage.

01:04:41

Chemical reactions and structures in food science.

  • The mixer lever is rotatory, and invert sugar is discussed.
  • Chemical kinetics and first-order reaction of soda are mentioned.
  • The example of the inversion of cane sugar is explained.
  • Maltose and its formation from two alpha D glucose molecules are detailed.
  • The structure of maltose and its similarity to sucrose is discussed.
  • The formation of glycoside linkage and its process is explained.
  • The discussion transitions to carbohydrates and the importance of covering them in detail.
  • The formation of lactose from beta D galactose and beta D glucose is outlined.
  • The structure and classification of proteins, including essential and non-essential amino acids, are detailed.
  • The primary structure of proteins, peptide bonds, and poly peptide chains are explained.

01:21:46

Protein Structure, Enzymes, and Vitamins Explained

  • In a polypeptide chain, intra-molecular hydrogen bonding occurs within the same chain.
  • Hydrogen bonding takes place between two polypeptide chains.
  • The structure of proteins includes primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.
  • Tertiary structures involve disulfide linkages between amino acids like cysteine.
  • Globular proteins have a functional role in catalysis, transport, and structure.
  • Denaturation of proteins can occur due to external changes like pH or temperature alterations.
  • Enzymes act as biochemical catalysts, enhancing the speed of reactions in living matter.
  • Vitamins are essential organic compounds, with fat-soluble and water-soluble types.
  • Water-soluble vitamins like Vitamin C and B12 require higher intake due to easy excretion.
  • Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are long-chain polymers of nucleotides, essential for genetic information transfer.

01:37:01

"Structure and Formation of Nucleotides and Amino Acids"

  • Cytosine and adenine have a difference in structure due to the presence of an NH2 group in adenine.
  • The chemical composition of nucleic acids involves pentose sugar, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
  • Nucleotides are formed by linking nucleosides with phosphoric acid at the 5' position of sugar.
  • The formation of nucleotides involves the condensation of sugar and base, such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
  • Nucleotides condense to form phosphodiester linkages, leading to the creation of dinucleotides and eventually poly nucleotides.
  • There are 10 essential amino acids, including phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, and methionine, which the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through diet.
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