METALS & NON METALS in 30 Minutes || Mind Map Series for Class 10th

Physics Wallah Foundation・2 minutes read

Metals and nonmetals have various physical and chemical properties, including exceptions to the norm, reactions with different substances like oxygen, water, and acids, and the reactivity series in salt solutions. Different methods are used to obtain metals based on their reactivity levels and prevent corrosion, such as roasting, electrolytic reduction, and protective coatings like oiling and galvanization.

Insights

  • Metals possess various physical and chemical properties, such as malleability, conductivity, and reactivity with substances like oxygen, water, and acids, which define their behavior in different contexts.
  • The extraction and processing of metals involve complex procedures based on their reactivity levels, with methods ranging from roasting sulphides to electrolytic reduction, alongside corrosion prevention techniques like oiling, greasing, and alloying to maintain their integrity and functionality.

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Recent questions

  • What are the physical properties of metals and non-metals?

    Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, lustrous, generally hard, with high melting and boiling points, and solid at room temperature except for mercury. Non-metals are brittle, not ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, not lustrous, generally soft, with low melting and boiling points, existing as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.

  • How do metals react with oxygen, water, and dilute acid?

    Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with varying reactivity levels leading to different reaction intensities. They also react with water to form metal hydroxide or metal oxide, releasing hydrogen gas, and with dilute acids to produce salt and hydrogen gas, depending on their reactivity levels.

  • What is Aqua Regia and its significance in chemistry?

    Aqua Regia is a highly corrosive liquid made of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in a 1:3 ratio. It is capable of dissolving metals like gold and platinum due to its strong oxidizing properties.

  • How do metals react in salt solutions and what is the reactivity series?

    More reactive metals displace less reactive metals in salt solutions, following the reactivity series where metals higher in the series displace those lower in such solutions.

  • How are non-metals different from metals in terms of chemical properties?

    Non-metals can gain electrons to form negative ions, react with oxygen to produce non-metallic oxides, and do not react with water or acids but can displace each other in salt solutions, showcasing distinct chemical properties compared to metals.

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Summary

00:00

Metals and Nonmetals: Properties and Reactions

  • Introduction to the chapter on Metals and Nonmetals in chemistry class, focusing on concept mapping and revision.
  • Starting with Physical Properties of Metals: Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, lustrous, generally hard, with high melting and boiling points, and solid at room temperature except for mercury.
  • Metals are sonorous, producing a ringing sound when struck.
  • Transition to Physical Properties of Non-metals: Non-metals are brittle, not ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, not lustrous, generally soft, with low melting and boiling points, existing as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.
  • Exceptions in Physical Properties: Carbon in the form of graphite can conduct electricity, iodine and graphite exhibit luster, alkali metals like lithium, sodium, and potassium are exceptions to being generally hard, and diamond, a form of carbon, is extremely hard.
  • More Exceptions: Sodium, potassium, cesium, and helium have low melting points compared to other metals, while diamond, a non-metal, has a high melting and boiling point.
  • Chemical Properties of Metals: Metals can lose electrons to form positive ions, known as electropositive elements.
  • Reaction of Metals with Oxygen: Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with varying reactivity levels leading to different reaction intensities.
  • Reaction of Metals with Water: Metals react with water to form metal hydroxide or metal oxide, releasing hydrogen gas, with different metals reacting at different temperatures.
  • Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acid: Metals react with dilute acids to produce salt and hydrogen gas, with varying reactivity levels determining the intensity of the reaction.

15:37

Chemical reactions of metals and non-metals

  • HNO3 is a good oxidizing agent, producing water instead of H2.
  • Exception: Manganese or magnesium react with dilute HNO3 to produce H2 gas.
  • Aqua Regia is a highly corrosive liquid made of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in a 1:3 ratio.
  • Aqua Regia can dissolve metals like gold and platinum.
  • Reactivity of metals in salt solutions: More reactive metals displace less reactive metals.
  • Example: Zinc displaces copper in a solution of copper sulfate.
  • Reactivity series: Metals higher in the series displace those lower in salt solutions.
  • Non-metals can gain electrons to form negative ions.
  • Non-metals react with oxygen to produce non-metallic oxides.
  • Non-metals do not react with water or acids but can displace each other in salt solutions.

30:35

Metal Extraction Methods and Corrosion Prevention

  • Copper is used to create a salt solution of the same metal, either by importing the metal or using the salt solution of copper itself.
  • Low-reactivity metals are typically found in the form of sulphides, which need to be converted into oxides through roasting before being reduced to obtain the metal.
  • Highly reactive metals require electrolytic reduction, such as passing electricity through molten chloride to extract the metal, while preventing corrosion can be achieved through methods like oiling, greasing, painting, galvanization, and alloying.
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