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METALS & NON METALS in 30 Minutes || Mind Map Series for Class 10th

Physics Wallah Foundation・2 minutes read

Metals possess specific physical properties like malleability, conductivity, and sonorousness, while non-metals lack these characteristics and can form acidic oxides. The reactivity of metals determines their behavior in reactions with water, acids, and salt solutions, leading to the formation of ionic compounds through the transfer of electrons.

Insights

  • Metals are characterized by being malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, having a luster, and being generally solid at room temperature, with exceptions like mercury.
  • The extraction of metals involves a process of categorization based on reactivity, conversion of compounds to oxides for easier extraction, followed by reduction and electrolytic refining for purification, with methods like roasting and calcination employed to facilitate extraction.

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Recent questions

  • What are the physical properties of metals and nonmetals?

    Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, with a luster. Nonmetals lack these properties.

  • How do metals react with oxygen?

    Metals like sodium, potassium, magnesium, and zinc react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with varying reactivity levels.

  • What is Aqua Regia used for?

    Aqua Regia is a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, capable of dissolving metals like gold and platinum.

  • How do nonmetals react with oxygen?

    Nonmetals can form oxides when reacting with oxygen, with properties like acidity or neutrality depending on the non-metal involved.

  • What is the process of extracting metals from their ores?

    The extraction of metals involves categorizing them based on reactivity, converting compounds to oxides for easier extraction, followed by reduction and purification processes.

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Summary

00:00

Metals and Nonmetals: Physical Properties Explained

  • The text introduces the topic of Metals and Nonmetals in chemistry, emphasizing the importance of understanding their physical properties.
  • Metals are described as malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and having a luster or shine.
  • Metals are generally hard, have high melting and boiling points, and are solid at room temperature, with mercury being an exception as it exists in a liquid state.
  • Metals are sonorous, producing a ringing sound when struck.
  • Non-metals, on the other hand, are not malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat or electricity, and lack luster.
  • Non-metals are generally soft, have low melting and boiling points, and can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous states at room temperature.
  • Exceptions in physical properties include carbon (graphite) conducting electricity, iodine and graphite having luster, and diamond being extremely hard.
  • Some metals like sodium, potassium, magnesium, and zinc react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with reactivity levels varying.
  • Metal oxides are generally basic, but some can exhibit acidic or amphoteric behavior, like aluminum oxide.
  • Metals react with water to form metal hydroxides or oxides, releasing hydrogen gas, with reactivity determining the intensity of the reaction.

15:37

Metal Reactivity and Extraction Processes Explained

  • HNO3 is a good oxidizing agent, producing water instead of H2O when reacting with metals like manganese or magnesium.
  • Aqua Regia is formed by mixing concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 1:3 ratio, capable of dissolving metals like gold and platinum.
  • Reactivity of metals in salt solutions involves displacement reactions, where more reactive metals displace less reactive ones.
  • The reactivity series determines the ability of metals to displace others in salt solutions, with more reactive metals displacing less reactive ones.
  • Non-metals can form oxides when reacting with oxygen, with properties like acidity or neutrality depending on the non-metal involved.
  • Non-metals do not react with water or acids, but can displace each other in salt solutions based on reactivity.
  • Metals and non-metals react through the transfer of electrons, forming ionic bonds between them.
  • Ionic compounds have specific properties like being solid, having high melting and boiling points, and conducting electricity in molten states.
  • Metals are found in the Earth's crust in free or combined states, with minerals containing high metal concentrations being profitable for extraction.
  • The extraction of metals involves categorizing them based on reactivity, converting compounds like sulphides or carbonates to oxides for easier extraction through processes like roasting and calcination, followed by reduction and electrolytic refining for purification.

30:40

Metal Extraction Methods and Corrosion Prevention Techniques

  • Copper is used as the source solution for the experiment, resulting in a salt solution of copper sulphate or copper metal itself.
  • Low-reactivity metals are typically found in the form of sulphides, which need to be converted into oxides through roasting before further reduction to obtain the metal.
  • Highly reactive metals require electrolytic reduction, such as passing electricity through molten chloride to extract the metal, while methods like oiling, greasing, painting, galvanization, and alloying are used to prevent corrosion in metals.
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