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MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS in One Shot - From Zero to Hero || Class 9th

Physics Wallah Foundation・93 minutes read

The text discusses the properties of matter particles, the states of matter, and various processes like diffusion, evaporation, and boiling. It highlights the importance of understanding these concepts to explain scientific phenomena and processes effectively.

Insights

  • Matter consists of particles with space between them, continuously moving and attracting each other, explaining phenomena like dissolving substances in water and the spread of fragrance.
  • Diffusion, intermixing particles of different matter types, occurs due to continuous motion of particles, with rates increasing at higher temperatures.
  • State changes in matter, like melting and boiling points, are influenced by kinetic energy, temperature, and pressure, with latent heat needed for state transitions.

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Recent questions

  • What is matter?

    Anything with mass and occupies space.

  • What is diffusion?

    Inter-mixing of particles of different matter types.

  • What are the properties of solids?

    High attraction, fixed volume, and rigidity.

  • What is plasma?

    Mixture of free electrons and ions.

  • What is evaporation?

    Liquid changing into a gaseous state.

Related videos

Summary

00:00

"Chemistry: Matter Properties and Phenomena"

  • The Sprint batch date for class ninth is the Van Shot Revision Series, focusing on the chapter "Matter in Our Surroundings" from the chemistry book.
  • The chapter explains that matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, such as water, hydrogen, oxygen, sugar, sand, milk, oil, and rocks.
  • The scientist classifies matter based on physical and chemical properties, discussing how matter is made up of tiny particles that cannot be seen even with a powerful microscope.
  • Particles of matter have space between them, as demonstrated by dissolving sugar in water without changing the water level.
  • Particles of matter are continuously moving, as seen when burning incense sticks and observing the spread of fragrance in a room.
  • Particles of matter attract each other, as shown by the example of an iron nail not breaking easily when hit with a hammer.
  • The force of attraction between particles varies, with gases having weak attraction compared to solids.
  • The force of attraction between particles in gases is considered negligible, allowing easy movement through air.
  • The properties of matter's particles include small size, space between them, continuous movement, and varying levels of attraction.
  • Understanding these properties helps explain phenomena like dissolving substances in water, the spread of fragrance, and the strength of materials.

15:49

Particle Diffusion: Motion and Interactions in Matter

  • Diffusion is the intermixing of particles of different types of matter on their own.
  • Particles of matter are very small, have space between them, continuously move, and attract each other.
  • The best property for diffusion among particles is their continuous motion.
  • The rate of diffusion increases with increasing temperature due to increased particle motion.
  • Diffusion occurs in gases, liquids, and solids, with motion increasing as temperature rises.
  • The aroma of food spreads quickly at high temperatures due to rapid diffusion.
  • The density of solids is high, their volume is fixed, and they are rigid with negligible compressibility.
  • Solid particles have a high level of attraction between them, resulting in minimal space between particles.
  • Solid particles vibrate in place due to their continuous motion, maintaining their structure.
  • The properties of solids, including high attraction, minimal space, and continuous motion, contribute to their rigidity and fixed volume.

30:33

States of Matter: Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma

  • Solids have fixed volume, high density, rigidity, and cannot be compressed due to maximum force of attraction.
  • When stretching rubber bands, they return to their original shape due to the force of attraction.
  • Sugar and salt maintain their individual shapes and shops even when transferred between containers.
  • Liquids have a variable shape depending on the container they are poured into, with fixed volume and moderate density.
  • Liquids have spaces between particles, reducing the force of attraction compared to solids.
  • Gases have no fixed shape or volume, are highly compressible, and have maximum space between particles with minimal force of attraction.
  • Gases exert pressure on the walls of their container due to the random motion and collisions of their particles.
  • Plasma is a mixture of free electrons and ions, considered the fourth state of matter, naturally found in stars due to high temperatures breaking down atoms.
  • Plasma is called the mixer of free electrons and ions in stars, contributing to the unique characteristics of stars and the universe.

44:36

States of Matter and Temperature Changes

  • Plasma is created by passing electricity through gases at low pressure in a glass tube.
  • Bose Einstein Condensate is the fifth state of matter, discovered by Indian scientist Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1920.
  • To convert Celsius to Kelvin, add 273 to the temperature in degrees Celsius.
  • Changing the state of matter from solid to liquid or gas can be done by altering temperature or pressure.
  • Heating solid turns it into liquid, then gas; cooling gas turns it into liquid, then solid.
  • Sublimation is the direct conversion of a solid into a gas without passing through the liquid state.
  • Deposition is the direct transformation of a gas into a solid without becoming a liquid.
  • Kinetic energy of particles increases with temperature, causing them to break apart and change states.
  • Increasing temperature leads to particles moving faster, increasing kinetic energy and changing the state of matter.
  • Decreasing temperature reduces particle motion and energy, causing particles to come closer and change states.

01:00:13

Temperature and State Changes in Matter

  • By reducing the temperature, the particles in the solid arrangement passed, activating the force of attraction.
  • Lowering the temperature further increased the force of attraction, turning the substance solid.
  • The melting point is the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid, like ice melting at zero degrees Celsius.
  • The boiling point is when a liquid changes into a gas, such as water boiling at 100 degrees Celsius.
  • Latent heat is the energy needed to change a substance's state, like fusion from solid to liquid or vaporization from liquid to gas.
  • Water at zero degrees Celsius has more energy in the form of latent heat of fusion than ice.
  • Water at 100 degrees Celsius has more energy in the form of latent heat of vaporization than steam.
  • Gases are highly compressible, meaning they can be compressed into smaller volumes by applying pressure.
  • Applying pressure to gases brings their particles closer, releasing heat that can be cooled to reduce the temperature.
  • Cooling gases after applying pressure can lead to revenge, symbolizing the need to reduce temperature to balance the system.

01:15:22

"Pressure, temperature, and evaporation dynamics explained"

  • High pressure on particles leads to a need to extinguish the fire of revenge.
  • To reduce the temperature and call for help is crucial.
  • Lowering the temperature decreases particle motion.
  • Increasing pressure on particles and reducing nearby temperatures leads to liquefaction.
  • Solid carbon dioxide stored under high pressure can convert directly into gas.
  • Evaporation is the process where a liquid changes into a gaseous state below its boiling point.
  • Factors affecting evaporation include surface area, temperature, humidity, and wind speed.
  • Surface area, temperature, and wind speed are directly proportional to evaporation.
  • Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air.
  • Water vapor in the air remains in a fixed quantity, affecting evaporation rates.

01:29:30

"Understanding Evaporation: Process, Factors, and Effects"

  • Evaporation is the process where water in clothes changes into water vapor.
  • Clothes struggle to dry completely due to water vapor already present in the air.
  • Humidity affects evaporation, with high humidity making it difficult for clothes to dry.
  • Evaporation requires breaking the force of attraction between water particles to turn into water vapor.
  • Energy is needed for evaporation, taken from the surroundings and the liquid itself.
  • Evaporation causes cooling, seen when acetone evaporates and feels cold on the skin.
  • Evaporation is faster with larger surface areas, higher temperatures, and lower humidity.
  • Evaporation and boiling differ, with evaporation occurring at any temperature below boiling point.
  • Boiling involves bubbles forming due to heat energy, while evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
  • Diffusion is exemplified when a crystal of potassium permanganate turns water purple without external interference.

01:44:17

Liquefying Gases: Pressure, Temperature, and Latent Heat

  • To liquefy gases, high pressure and low temperature are required. The correct answer for the energy absorbed during a change of state of a substance is latent heat.
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