Alcohol Phenol and Ethers Class 12 Chemistry | NCERT | Organic |CBSE NEET JEE

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Alcohol and phenol formation in Organic Chemistry are discussed, highlighting the addition of O groups and hydrogen removal from hydrocarbons. Different types of alcohol, their applications, and naming conventions are explained, with methods like hydration, oxidation, and reduction outlined to produce alcohol efficiently.

Insights

  • Alcohol is formed in Organic Chemistry by removing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon and adding an O group, used in various applications like hand sanitizers and nail polish removers, and plays a crucial role in rendering individuals unconscious before surgery.
  • Different methods to produce alcohol include hydration, hydration oxidation, and reduction of aldehyde or ketone using catalytic hydrogenation or lithium aluminum hydride, resulting in primary alcohol from aldehyde and secondary alcohol from ketone, showcasing varied pathways for alcohol synthesis.

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Recent questions

  • How is alcohol formed in Organic Chemistry?

    Alcohol is formed by removing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon and adding an O group in its place. This process involves replacing the aromatic hydrocarbon chain with the O group to create alcohol. Different types of alcohol, such as ROR, where hydrogen is attached to the O group, can be formed through this method.

  • What are the applications of alcohol?

    Alcohol is used in various applications, such as in hand sanitizers and nail polish removers. It also plays a crucial role in rendering individuals unconscious before surgery. Different types of alcohol, classified based on the number of hydroxyl groups present, like monohydrate, dihydrate, and trihydrate alcohols, have diverse applications in different industries.

  • How are alcohols named in Organic Chemistry?

    The naming of alcohols is based on the longest carbon chain and the position of the O group. Secondary alcohols, like isopropyl alcohol, are detailed considering the position of the O group and the carbon chain. The naming process involves using root words like propane and butyl for different groups of carbons, ensuring a systematic nomenclature.

  • What are the methods to produce alcohol in Organic Chemistry?

    Alcohol can be produced through various methods in Organic Chemistry. One method involves the reduction of aldehyde or ketone using catalytic hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added to produce alcohol. Another method is Hydration Oxidation, which involves the addition of water and subsequent oxidation to yield alcohol. These methods provide different pathways to synthesize alcohol from different starting materials.

  • How can chlorobenzene be converted to phenol?

    Chlorobenzene can be converted to phenol by using sulfuric acid. This process involves the addition of water to chlorobenzene to produce phenol, with the elimination of hydrogen. Additionally, chlorobenzene can be reacted with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium phenoxide, which can further be converted to phenol through specific chemical reactions.

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Summary

00:00

Formation and Classification of Alcohols in Chemistry

  • Alcohol and phenol are discussed in the context of Organic Chemistry, with a focus on the formation of alcohol by removing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon and adding an O group.
  • Alcohol is formed by removing the aromatic hydrocarbon chain and adding the O group in its place.
  • Different types of alcohol are explained, such as ROR, where hydrogen is attached to the O group.
  • Alcohol is used in various applications, like hand sanitizers and nail polish removers.
  • Alcohol plays a crucial role in rendering individuals unconscious before surgery.
  • Different types of alcohol are classified based on the number of hydroxyl groups present, such as monohydrate, dihydrate, and trihydrate alcohols.
  • The structure of alcohols is discussed, with examples like butane becoming butanol when the O group is added.
  • The naming of alcohols is explained based on the longest carbon chain and the position of the O group.
  • Secondary alcohols are detailed, with examples like isopropyl alcohol.
  • The naming of alcohols is further elaborated, considering the position of the O group and the carbon chain.

25:06

Naming Organic Compounds: Yagnik's Alkane Hair Inch

  • Yagnik explains the concept of alkane hair inch, where all carbons are in a continuous chain except one.
  • The compound discussed is iso-propyl alcohol, not iso-profile, with four carbons and an alcohol group.
  • The first step is to find the longest chain and number the carbons accordingly.
  • Numbering is done based on the position of functional groups like alcohol and sweet groups.
  • The naming process involves using root words like propane and butyl for different groups of carbons.
  • Cyclic structures are named using prefixes like cyclo, with numbering starting from the minimal position.
  • Priority is given to groups with lower numbers in naming cyclic compounds.
  • Common names are used for compounds with specific arrangements of functional groups.
  • The process of naming compounds involves identifying the longest chain and assigning names based on the position of functional groups.
  • Different examples are provided to illustrate the naming process for various compound structures.

51:11

Alcohol Production Methods: Hydration and Reduction

  • The first method discussed is hydration, involving the addition of water in the presence of acid, leading to the disappearance of double bonds in symmetrical alkenes.
  • Hydration involves Acid Catalyzed Hydration, where water is added in the presence of acid to facilitate a rapid reaction.
  • The reaction mechanism of Acid Catalyzed Hydration involves the addition of water to form alcohol.
  • The second method discussed is Hydration Oxidation, where alkene is reacted with diborane and then oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in a basic medium to produce alcohol.
  • Hydration Oxidation involves the addition of water and subsequent oxidation to yield alcohol.
  • The process of Hydration Oxidation follows the anti-Markovnikoff rule, resulting in alcohol with a cylindrical shape.
  • Another method to make alcohol is through the reduction of aldehyde or ketone using catalytic hydrogenation, which involves the addition of hydrogen to produce alcohol.
  • Catalytic hydrogenation results in the conversion of aldehyde or ketone to alcohol by adding hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
  • An alternative method for reduction involves using lithium aluminum hydride to convert aldehyde or ketone to alcohol.
  • The reduction of aldehyde or ketone to alcohol can be achieved through different methods, including catalytic hydrogenation and the use of lithium aluminum hydride.

01:16:26

"Alcohol Production from Aldehydes and Ketones"

  • Sodium borohydride is used to reduce aldehydes or ketones to alcohols.
  • When alcohol is made from aldehyde, primary alcohol is obtained; when made from ketone, secondary alcohol is produced.
  • RCH indicates a single alkyl group attached to the carbon in aldehyde, leading to primary alcohol formation.
  • Grignard reagent is added to aldehyde to produce alcohol through a specific process.
  • The reaction involves the addition of magnesium to aldehyde, resulting in the formation of alcohol.
  • Chlorobenzene can be reacted with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium phenoxide.
  • Sulfuric acid can be used to convert chlorobenzene to phenol.
  • Water can be added to aldehyde to produce alcohol, with the elimination of hydrogen.
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