World History | Chapter 1 (Section 1 Early Humans) | The First Civilizations and Empires
AJ BILLY กิน เที่ยว รีวิวของ เลี้ยงลูก・2 minutes read
Early humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to agriculture, leading to population growth, city living, governance, and art. Scientists use fossils and artifacts to understand early human life, studying past societies through archaeology and anthropology.
Insights
- The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture marked a significant shift in human history, leading to population growth, urbanization, governance, and the development of complex societies with written language and art.
- Archaeology and anthropology play crucial roles in piecing together early human history, relying on scientific methods like radiocarbon dating to accurately date artifacts and fossils, providing insights into the evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens and the replacement of Neanderthals, as well as the adaptation strategies of early humans during the Paleolithic Age, such as the use of fire for survival during the Ice Ages and the creation of prehistoric art in caves like Lascaux and Altamira, shedding light on early human culture, beliefs, and lifestyle.
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Recent questions
How did early humans survive in the past?
By hunting, fishing, and gathering food in a hostile environment.
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Summary
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Human Evolution: From Hunters to Civilizations
- For hundreds of thousands of years, humans survived by hunting, fishing, and gathering food in a hostile environment.
- Over a few thousand years, humans transitioned to growing food crops, leading to population growth, city living, governance, writing, and art.
- The shift from temporary to permanent settlements and the establishment of civilizations marked human progress.
- Scientists rely on fossils and artifacts to understand how early humans lived.
- Historians lack written records for pre-history, relying on archaeological and biological evidence to reconstruct early human life.
- Archaeology involves studying past societies through artifacts, while anthropology focuses on human life and culture.
- Scientific methods like radiocarbon dating and thermo-luminescence help date artifacts and fossils accurately.
- The evolution of early humans from hominids to Homo sapiens sapiens is traced through discoveries like Lucy and Homo habilis.
- Homo sapiens sapiens replaced Neanderthals, spreading from Africa to other parts of the world.
- The Paleolithic Age saw humans using stone tools for hunting, gathering, and survival, with the use of fire being a crucial development for warmth, cooking, and protection during the Ice Ages.
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Early Human Adaptation Through Art and Fire
- Early humans adapted to survive ice age conditions by changing their environment, as seen through the use of fire and the creation of art, which was basic to human life even in pre-history, with examples found in caves like Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain.
- Prehistoric art, discovered in various caves around the world, depicted realistically painted animals using techniques like finger painting and mineral-based paints, with few human figures present, leading scholars to debate whether the art served a magical or religious purpose or was simply for aesthetic pleasure. Early human housing varied based on location, materials available, and time period, as evidenced by sites like Jiao Kao Dien Jen cave in China, northern Europe at the end of the ice age, and Catal Huyuk in Turkey, showcasing different living conditions and lifestyles.
