The Untapped Energy Source That Could Power the Planet | Jamie C. Beard | TED

Recent questions

• What is geothermal energy?

  Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source derived from the Earth's internal heat. It harnesses the thermal energy stored beneath the Earth's surface, which can be used for various applications, including heating buildings and generating electricity. This energy is produced by the natural decay of radioactive materials and the residual heat from the planet's formation. Geothermal energy is considered sustainable because it relies on the Earth's constant heat supply, making it a reliable alternative to fossil fuels. However, its availability is geographically limited, as it requires specific conditions, such as hot rocks and water, to be effectively harnessed.

• How does geothermal energy work?

  Geothermal energy works by tapping into the heat stored beneath the Earth's surface. This process typically involves drilling wells into geothermal reservoirs, where hot water or steam can be accessed. The heat is then extracted and used to generate electricity or provide direct heating. In engineered geothermal systems (EGS), advanced techniques such as fracturing rock and circulating fluids are employed to create artificial reservoirs, allowing for heat extraction in areas that do not naturally have geothermal resources. Closed-loop systems further enhance this process by using specially designed wells to circulate fluids without the need for fracturing, optimizing heat extraction while minimizing environmental impact.

• What are engineered geothermal systems?

  Engineered geothermal systems (EGS) are advanced geothermal energy solutions designed to create artificial reservoirs for heat extraction in locations lacking natural geothermal resources. EGS involves drilling multiple wells into hot rock formations and fracturing the rock to enhance permeability, allowing water or other fluids to circulate and absorb heat. This heat can then be used for electricity generation or heating purposes. The development of EGS has been made possible by recent technological advancements, such as high-pressure drilling and directional drilling, which enable the creation of geothermal systems in a wider range of locations, thus expanding the potential for geothermal energy utilization.

• What are closed-loop geothermal systems?

  Closed-loop geothermal systems are a modern innovation in geothermal energy technology that utilize a network of drilled wells to create reservoirs without the need for fracturing the rock. In these systems, a fluid, often CO2 or another heat-transfer medium, is circulated through the wells to absorb heat from the surrounding rock. This method optimizes heat extraction while minimizing environmental disruption and the risk of induced seismicity associated with traditional geothermal methods. Closed-loop systems are particularly advantageous in areas where conventional geothermal resources are not available, making them a versatile option for harnessing geothermal energy efficiently.

• How is the oil and gas industry involved in geothermal energy?

  The oil and gas industry is increasingly involved in geothermal energy due to its existing technological expertise and skilled workforce. As the world shifts towards renewable energy sources, many oil and gas companies are exploring geothermal energy as a viable alternative to hydrocarbons. Start-ups led by veterans from the oil and gas sector are emerging, demonstrating innovative geothermal concepts and securing significant funding to advance these technologies. This transition not only leverages the industry's capabilities but also fosters collaboration between environmentalists and energy producers, potentially leading to effective solutions for climate change and energy poverty in the coming decades.