STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS (FROG & COCKROACH) in 1Shot: FULL CHAPTER (Theory+PYQs) |Prachand

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The session introduced frogs and cockroaches, discussing their classification, anatomy, and unique features based on NCERT content. Frogs have a dual life, exhibit protective coloration, and can be differentiated by their vocal sacs, while cockroaches have jointed legs, compound eyes, and a hard exoskeleton for protection.

Insights

1. Frogs belong to the class Amphibia in the phylum Chordata and have a dual life in water and on land.
2. Protective coloration in frogs, known as mimicry, aids in both protection and predation by blending with the surroundings.
3. The term "poikilotherm" refers to cold-blooded animals like frogs whose body temperature changes with the environment.
4. The digestive system of frogs involves the mouth, buccal cavity, stomach, and intestine, with specific adaptations for carnivorous and herbivorous diets.
5. Cockroaches are classified as insects under the phylum Arthropoda, with a nocturnal lifestyle and omnivorous diet.
6. The circulatory system of cockroaches features an open system with hemolymph circulating through 13 chambers in the heart, emphasizing unique physiological adaptations in insects.

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Recent questions

What is the classification of frogs?
Amphibians in class Amphibia, phylum Chordata.

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Summary

00:00

"Amphibians and Insects: NCERT Session Highlights"

The text is a live session introduction with greetings and audio-video checks.
The topic of the session is frogs and cockroaches, with a focus on NCERT-based content.
The classification of frogs is discussed, belonging to the class Amphibia in the phylum Chordata.
The most common species of frog in India is Rana Tugri, with a scientific name mentioned.
Amphibians have a dual life, living in both fresh water and on land.
The common species of cockroaches in India is Periplaneta Americana.
Frogs exhibit protective coloration, changing their color to blend with their surroundings.
This protective coloration is called mimicry and aids in both protection and predation.
The term "poikilotherm" is introduced, referring to cold-blooded animals whose body temperature changes with the environment.
The session emphasizes note-taking and active learning, encouraging students to engage with the material.

15:51

Frog Characteristics: Camouflage, Dual Life, Sensory Features

Camouflage is known as mimicry, specifically in the case of the son mango.
The morpho ji discusses common things, emphasizing the changing colors and patterns.
Frogs are usually not seen during peak summer and peak winter seasons due to hibernation and estivation.
Frogs have a dual life, living in water and on land due to being amphibians.
Their skin is smooth, moist, and slippery due to a mucus coating, aiding in respiration.
The body of a frog is divided into head and trunk, lacking a neck and tail.
The body color of a frog is olive green with dark irregular spots on the dorsal side and pale yellow on the ventral side.
Frogs have paired external nostrils above their mouth and protruding eyes with a well-developed sensory structure.
They lack external ear pinnae but have a tympanum near the eyes for receiving sound vibrations.
The eyes of frogs are located within the orbit and covered with a nictitating membrane for protection, aiding in underwater vision.

32:09

"Anatomy of Tetrapods: Limbs and Features"

Goggles would have been worn if they had gone, but who will provide them with goggles?
The nictitating membrane protects the eyes underwater and under ice.
Lee discussed the tympanum, nostrils, and orbit.
Tetra belongs to the C superclass Poda and Tetra Poda, meaning four appendages.
Tetrapods have two forelimbs and two hind limbs, each with four digits.
The forelimb ends with four digits, while the hind limb ends with five digits and is webbed.
NCRT lines are crucial for questions, focusing on forelimbs and hind limbs.
Forelimbs and hind limbs help in walking, leaping, and swimming.
The webbing in hind limbs aids in swimming, resembling a spider's web.
Male frogs can be distinguished from females by vocal sacs and a couplet pad on the first digit of the forelimb.

48:25

"Alimentary Canal: Carnivores vs. Herbivores"

Carnivorous creatures have short intestines due to their diet of insects, leading to a shorter elementary canal.
Herbivorous creatures have longer alimentary canals due to cellulose digestion requirements.
The alimentary canal of carnivorous creatures is small, while herbivorous creatures have a longer canal.
The parts of the elementary canal include the mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestine.
The flow chart of the alimentary canal shows the sequence of parts from mouth to intestine.
The common chamber of Chloe's serves as the opening for the alimentary, reproductive, and excretory canals.
The mechanism of digestion involves food gathering with the help of a bilobed tongue and mixing with gastric juice in the stomach.
The process of digestion continues in the intestine, where maximum digestion occurs, aided by microvilli for absorption.
The liver and pancreas play roles in digestion, with the common bile duct opening into the intestine for bile and pancreatic juice.
Bile aids in the emulsification of fats, while pancreatic juice aids in the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates.

01:05:27

Digestion, Respiration, and Circulation in Biology

Digestion process discussed in class, focusing on parts of the alimentary canal
Specific parts of the canal starting from the mouth were highlighted
Emphasis on the digestion of cheese in the intestine
Absorption process explained, mentioning intestine villi and microvilli
Undigested and unabsorbed matter is passed out through the rectum and colon
Respiration process detailed, including cutaneous respiration and pharyngeal respiration
Different respiration conditions discussed, such as in water, on land, and during hibernation
Circulatory system explained, distinguishing between closed and open circulatory systems
Closed circulatory system described as having blood vessels bound by a network of capillaries
Blood vascular system and lymphatic system briefly mentioned, with a focus on lymph formation and circulation

01:23:17

"Human Circulation: NCERT's Detailed Description"

Portal circulation is discussed in NCERT Chemical and Body Fluid Coordination chapters.
Portal circulation is the third circulation system in the body.
The heart is muscular and covered by the pericardium.
Human hearts have three chambers, unlike frogs with four chambers.
Additional chambers in humans are sinusitis and conus arteriosus.
Humans have double circulation, unlike frogs with mixed circulation.
NCERT provides a detailed description of human circulation.
Sinus nosis is a triangular chamber on the dorsal side of the right atrium.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, except the pulmonary vein.
Sinus nosis connects to the right atrium, allowing deoxygenated blood flow.

01:39:05

Frog circulatory system: blood flow explained

The circulatory system supplies the entire body with blood through the artery system.
The flow chart of the circulatory system is explained, emphasizing making it yourself first.
Deoxygenated blood from the lungs is oxygenated and supplied to the body.
The blood flow involves the atrium, ventricle, and mixing of blood in the ventricular system.
The blood then goes through the conus arteriosus before supplying the entire body through the aorta.
The blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The frog's blood cells have nucleated red blood cells and contain hemoglobin.
The lymphatic system in frogs carries lymph through lymph channels and has lymph nodes.
The portal circulation in frogs involves the hepatic portal system and renal portal system.
The special venous connection in frogs starts and ends at the capillary network, connecting organs directly.

01:55:55

"Frog Anatomy and Physiology Explained"

Frogs undergo different types of sleep: summer sleep, estivation, and winter sleep, hibernation.
Olive green color on the dorsal side with dark irregular spots, pale yellow body, divisible into head and trunk, and eyes present.
Nictitating membrane above the eye aids underwater vision, with a tympanic membrane near the eye.
Lack of external pinnae, presence of tympanum aiding sound collection, and four limbs with hind limbs thicker and stronger.
Male and female frogs are differentiable, vocal sac aids in sound production during breeding season.
Digestive system includes alimentary canal parts like mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum, and cecum.
Digestion process involves food passing through stomach acid and gastric juice to form chyme, with bile juice emulsifying fats and proteins in the intestine.
Circulatory system comprises blood vessels, a three-chamber heart with two atria and a single ventricle, and blood containing red and white blood cells.
Lymphatic system includes colorless lymph with lymph nodes and portal circulation connecting the intestine and kidney.
Reproductive system in frogs involves paired kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and testes attached to the kidneys by folds of peritoneum.

02:10:33

Frog Reproductive System and Development

The testis forms sperm, carried by yellow ducts called Vasa efferentia.
Vasa efferentia connects to Epi Dida Imus and carries sperm.
10 to 12 Vasa efferentia connect to a canal called Bidder's Canal.
Bidder's Canal leads to the ureter, acting as a urogenital duct.
Ureter carries urine and sperm in male frogs.
Fat bodies are present outside the ducts, and adrenal glands are located ventrally to the kidneys.
Ovaries produce eggs collected by the OV duct, opening separately.
Fertilization and development occur externally, with 2500-3000 eggs released at once.
Tadpole larvae undergo metamorphosis to become adult frogs.
Sensory structures in frogs include touch buds, nasal epithelium, eyes, and internal ears.

02:28:09

Glands, Nervous System, Reproduction, Cockroaches: Overview

Thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid are all functioning well.
Son's parasite issue is resolved due to a developed gland.
Adrenal gland creation process is discussed.
Islets of Langerhans and their significance are mentioned.
The pancreas and its parts, including acinar cells and beta cells, are explained.
The nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, is detailed.
The brain's structure, including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, is discussed.
Sensory structures like the eyes, tympanum, and optic lobes are highlighted.
Reproductive systems of males and females, including the testis and ovary, are explained.
General features of cockroaches, their classification, and size are described.

02:44:53

Anatomy and Classification of Cockroaches

The text discusses the anatomy of a cockroach, starting with the general features of a cockroach and its classification within the phylum Arthropoda.
Cockroaches belong to the class Insecta, which is the largest class in the phylum due to the abundance of insects worldwide.
Cockroaches are nocturnal creatures, active during the night, and are omnivorous, consuming a variety of foods without fuss.
Cursorial cockroaches are fast runners, capable of evading predators or threats by running quickly.
Cockroaches possess wings that extend beyond the tip of the abdomen, aiding in their swift movements.
The body of a cockroach is divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen, with distinct segments in each.
The thorax of a cockroach consists of three segments: prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax, each with specific features like the pronotum.
Cockroaches have jointed legs with appendages, allowing them to move swiftly and efficiently.
The sensory structures of cockroaches include antennae for sensing their environment and compound eyes for vision.
The body of a cockroach is covered with a hard exoskeleton made of chitin, providing protection and support for survival in various conditions.

03:00:04

Meta-meric segmentation in cockroach anatomy.

Meta-meric segmentation is an important feature seen in certain phyla.
Meta-meric segmentation is visible in specific organisms.
Each segment in meta-meric segmentation is called a "meta mayor every segment."
Segments in meta-meric segmentation are covered with an exoskeleton.
The exoskeleton in meta-meric segmentation is referred to as scleritis.
Scleritis is present in cockroaches and is observed in their body.
The cockroach's body structure includes a hard plate called scleritis.
Scleritis is connected by a flexible membrane called arthrodial membrane.
Cockroach development involves stages from egg to nymph to adult.
The head of a cockroach is formed by the fusion of six segments and is connected to the thorax by a short neck extension.

03:18:10

Insect Anatomy: Thorax, Wings, Legs, Abdomen, Digestive

The thorax of an insect is divided into three regions: prothoracic, mesothoracic, and metathoracic regions.
The wings of an insect are not derived from the prothorax but from the mesothorax and metathorax.
The legs of an insect are present in all three thoracic segments: prothoracic, mesothoracic, and metathoracic legs.
The front wings of an insect are called datchi and are either tegmina or elytra, while the hind wings are known as metafours wings.
The hind wings of an insect are transparent, membranous, and used for flight.
The abdomen of an insect has 10 segments, with a structure called the genital pouch present in both males and females.
The genital pouch in males and females is formed by the fusion of the seventh, eighth, and ninth sternites.
The female genital pouch contains openings for structures like the sperm tube, oviduct, and colleterial gland.
The male and female genital pouches have different openings for structures like the sperm pore and colleterial gland.
The digestive system of a cockroach consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, and gizzard, collectively known as the foregut.

03:35:50

Insect Anatomy: Digestion, Respiration, Circulation, and More

The structures between the fore gut and mid gut, numbering six to eight, are known as Hepatomegaly and are crucial in NEET exams.
The location of these structures is between the fore gut and mid gut, with a total of six to eight in number, and their function is to activate digestive juice.
The mid gut is a tube that is slightly wider than the hind gut, and digestion primarily occurs in this part of the gut.
The hind gut is described as a part that needs improvement, and it is connected to the mid gut through a tube.
Between the mid gut and hind gut, there are structures known as Loish Greenie, numbering between 100 to 150.
The respiratory system of insects is called the tracheal system, where air enters through spiracles and travels through trachea and tracheoles to reach tissues via simple diffusion.
The spiracles on the lateral side of insects regulate opening and closing, guarded by spirals to control airflow.
In the circulatory system of cockroaches, the heart is located ventrally and has 13 chambers, with blood known as hemolymph circulating through an open system.
The hemolymph in cockroaches is colorless and spreads through an open cavity in the body, expanding into sinuses.
The heart in cockroaches has lateral openings for hemolymph to enter, functioning as part of their open circulatory system.

03:54:30

Cockroach heart anatomy and hemolymph circulation

The body cavity is filled with hemolymph, where all the cockroach's visceral organs are located.
Hemolymph enters the heart through a lateral opening, regulated by fan-shaped alary muscles between two chambers.
A total of 12 pairs of alary muscles are present between the 13 chambers of the heart, controlling the ostia opening and closing.
Hemolymph moves from the posterior to anterior direction within the heart chamber, entering the cephalic sinus.
The text emphasizes the dedication, hard work, and trust required in medical professions, highlighting the importance of preparation and honesty in saving lives.

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