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Security in The Contemporary World | Full Chapter Explanation | Class 12 | Digraj Singh Rajput

Social School by Unacademy・2 minutes read

The chapter "Security in the Contemporary World" from the Class 12th Political Science C book emphasizes the importance of understanding national security, traditional and non-traditional threats, and the core values of security policy for board exams and assessments. It stresses the need for effective responses to threats, the balance of power, cooperation, and international alliances to ensure stability and prevent conflicts.

Insights

The chapter "Security in the Contemporary World" from the Class 12th Political Science C book is highly important for students and focuses on national security, traditional and non-traditional notions of security, and the evolution of security concerns over time.
Security is about protecting core values like sovereignty and territorial integrity, and governments have choices of war, surrender, or deterrence in response to threats, with deterrence, defense, and alliances being key elements of a robust security policy.
Human security and global security are vital considerations beyond traditional security, addressing global threats like terrorism, poverty, migration, and health epidemics, requiring international cooperation to ensure stability and peace.
Global poverty, migration, and health epidemics are significant non-traditional security threats, with cooperation among military forces, international organizations, NGOs, and influential figures being crucial in addressing these challenges effectively.
India's security strategy involves military capabilities, adherence to international norms, addressing internal security challenges, and economic development, with a focus on maintaining peace through non-alignment, democratic politics, and economic growth.

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What is the focus of traditional security policies?
Traditional security policies emphasize military threats.

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Summary

00:00

"Understanding Security in Contemporary World"

The video discusses the chapter "Security in the Contemporary World" from the Class 12th Political Science C book.
The chapter is considered very important and is a high-demand topic for students.
It emphasizes the need to thoroughly understand the topics covered in the chapter for board exams and other assessments.
The concept of security in the contemporary world is explored, focusing on national security and its significance.
The chapter delves into traditional and non-traditional notions of security, highlighting the importance of understanding both.
It discusses how security was viewed historically and how it is perceived in modern times, including the emergence of new threats like biological diseases and climate change.
The chapter aims to educate students on the essence of security and how it is ensured in today's world.
It stresses the importance of freedom from threats for human existence and the country's well-being.
The video encourages viewers to consider every aspect of security and not let minor issues overshadow core values and goals.
It concludes by emphasizing the need to address problems effectively and not let them hinder progress towards achieving objectives.

13:49

Challenging Core Values and Security Threats

The speaker questions the core values of a country and the importance of maintaining territorial integrity.
A scenario is presented where 25 runs are needed in one over in a cricket match.
The discussion shifts to the potential loss of core values in the country.
The importance of security and threats to core values is emphasized.
Different types of threats and their impact on core values are explored.
The evolution of security concerns over time is highlighted.
Traditional and non-traditional approaches to security are discussed.
Traditional security is explained as both internal and external, focusing on military threats.
The significance of core values like sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity in traditional security is emphasized.
The potential impact of external threats on a country's core values and the response to such threats are considered.

27:34

Essential Elements of Security Policy: Deterrence, Defense, Alliances

The core values of security revolve around the idea of protecting against threats that could damage core values irreparably.
Security is about understanding and addressing external threats, particularly in the context of potential attacks on core values by other countries.
Governments have three basic choices when responding to threats: war, surrender, or deterrence.
Deterrence is a key aspect of security policy, aiming to prevent war by creating a balance of power and building alliances.
Surrender is not a viable option in security policy, as it is not considered a strategic response to threats.
The balance of power is crucial in security policy, ensuring stability and preventing miscalculations that could lead to war.
Creating deterrence, defending against threats, and maintaining a balance of power are essential elements of a robust security policy.
The concept of deterrence involves creating a sense of fear in potential aggressors to prevent conflict.
Building alliances and maintaining a balance of power are key strategies in security policy to prevent conflicts and ensure stability.
The ultimate goal of security policy is to prevent war through deterrence, defense, and strategic alliances, ensuring stability and peace.

39:42

International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Power Struggles

The presence of a team in a canteen prevents fights and clashes.
Aliens are mentioned in the context of building security policies.
Alliances are discussed as a way to coordinate actions for deterrence and defense against military attacks.
The shift of countries towards NATO is highlighted, causing Russia to feel hurt.
The importance of balance of power and alliances in international relations is emphasized.
The concept of deterrence in security policies is explained, especially in relation to military attacks.
Traditional security policies focus on deterrence, defense, balance of power, and building alliances.
The lack of a central authority in international politics is noted, leading to power struggles among nations.
The role of internal security in traditional security policies is explored, with a focus on maintaining peace within borders.
The context and situation play a crucial role in shaping reactions and decisions in international relations and security policies.

53:06

Post-WWII focus shifts to internal security.

Internal security is prioritized over external security after the Second World War.
Western European countries faced minimal internal threats but focused on external threats.
Concerns about external security were heightened due to the division of the world into two poles.
Newly independent countries also joined the Cold War alliances for security.
The merging of internal and external threats led to tensions between neighboring countries.
Internal conflicts became a major concern for newly independent countries.
A 12-fold rise in civil wars was observed between 1946 and 1991.
Traditional security policies focused on external threats but later included internal security concerns.
Cooperation among nations can limit violence and reduce the impact of wars.
The role of cooperation in traditional security is crucial for limiting violence and conflict.

01:06:59

Limiting violence through arms control and cooperation.

Cooperation can help limit violence and war, with a focus on imposing limits on both ends and means of war.
Goals like cracking UPSC exams require clear end goals and means, including studying methods, teachers, and reference books.
Limiting violence through cooperation involves imposing restrictions on the dangers of war, ensuring control over how conflicts are fought.
Disarmament involves states giving up certain weapons, like biological and chemical arms, to prevent widespread destruction.
Arms control regulates the acquisition and development of weapons, imposing restrictions on production and possession.
Efforts like the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty aim to control the production and use of ballistic missiles to prevent nuclear attacks.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties, like the START and SALT agreements during the Cold War, aimed to reduce and control nuclear weapons.
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 regulates the acquisition and control of nuclear weapons to prevent their spread.
Cooperation through arms control and disarmament is crucial in preventing nuclear proliferation and ensuring global security.
By regulating the acquisition and control of nuclear weapons, countries can work towards a safer and more peaceful world.

01:19:58

"NPT, Nuclear Weapons, and Non-Traditional Security"

The NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons but aimed at disarmament and non-proliferation.
Countries like the USSR, India, Israel, and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons.
Confidence-building is crucial in arms control and disarmament.
Sharing military plans and information with rivals helps prevent misunderstandings and conflicts.
Confidence-building involves sharing complete information on forces and deployments.
Traditional security involves military threats, while non-traditional security goes beyond military threats.
Non-traditional security focuses on a broader range of threats affecting human existence.
Non-traditional security includes individuals, communities, and all of humanity, not just states.
Security in the traditional view is centered on the state and its governing institutions.
Non-traditional security expands the reference beyond the state to include individuals and communities.

01:33:05

"Human Security and Global Security Perspectives"

Concentration is not just a state but The State But Also Individuals' Community And indeed all of mankind is fine Janmanas Individuals Community Everyone You What will have to be done? Will have to be considered?
Traditional View of Security Have Bin Called Human Security and Global If security is good then non-traditional view You can share the point with Human Security and Global Security will be better understood from two perspectives
You are in a non-traditional view point Insuring human security Not just state, you can make it global. Looking from security perspective
Non-traditional point of reference Human Security in Security Global security will be considered
Human Security is about the protection of individuals and the state should prioritize the protection of its people
Achieving human security is dependent on the state ensuring the safety of its citizens
Global security must emerge in response to global threats like terrorism and environmental degradation
International cooperation is vital in addressing global problems as no single country can solve them alone
New sources of threats include terrorism, human rights violations, global poverty, migration, and health epidemics
The changing nature of threats requires a broader perspective beyond traditional security measures, focusing on human security and global security.

01:47:04

Global Terrorism and Human Rights Challenges

Terrorism is a significant global issue that involves deliberate and indiscriminate attacks on civilians, shifting from traditional military targets.
Political violence is a key aspect of terrorism, aiming to harm civilians and undermine governments.
Terrorism's objective is not just to cause harm but also to create fear and destabilize governments.
International terrorism involves citizens and territories of multiple countries, organized by terrorist groups operating globally.
Terrorist attacks often target civilian locations to create panic and incite revolt against governments.
The 9/11 attacks in the US highlighted the global impact of terrorism and the need for international cooperation in combating it.
Human rights are classified into political, economic, social, and rights of colonized people, with ongoing debates on universal rights.
The international community faces challenges in deciding when and how to intervene in human rights violations, balancing national interests and global responsibilities.
The United Nations plays a crucial role in addressing human rights abuses, with debates on the extent of intervention and the role of powerful states.
Global poverty is another major threat, affecting human security and requiring international cooperation to address effectively.

02:00:51

Global poverty and migration: a growing crisis.

Poverty hinders development by limiting access to education, food, water, and security.
Global poverty is a major threat, with the world population projected to reach 10 billion by the middle of the 21st century.
Population growth is increasing rapidly in poor countries, leading to a disparity in income and social status.
Rich countries experience low population growth due to fewer children per family, resulting in a wealth gap.
The disparity between rich and poor countries is widening, with some nations managing to slow down population growth and increase income.
Conflict, poverty, and disease are common in poor regions, leading to migration towards wealthier countries.
Migration is a significant global issue, with people moving from poorer to wealthier nations for economic opportunities.
Internal displacement occurs within countries due to conflicts, forcing people to leave their homes but remain within national borders.
Wars and conflicts in the South have generated millions of refugees seeking safe havens due to violence and destruction of livelihoods.
Health epidemics like HIV/AIDS, bird flu, and SARS pose global threats, spreading through migration, business, tourism, and military operations.

02:13:58

Global Disease Control: Successes, Challenges, and Impact

Success and failure in controlling the spread of diseases in countries is crucial.
Countries that successfully control diseases can impact the world positively.
China's approach to disease control is highlighted as an example.
HIV/AIDS has affected millions globally, particularly in Africa and South Asia.
Developed countries have made progress in treating HIV/AIDS, but costs remain a barrier.
New sources of disease threats are emerging, impacting global health.
Diseases like Tuberculosis, Malaria, Dengue Fever, and Cholera are mutating and becoming drug-resistant.
Diseases among animals can have economic consequences, like the outbreak of diseases affecting poultry exports.
Climate change poses security threats, especially to island nations facing rising sea levels.
HIV/AIDS remains a significant threat in Southern Africa, leading to devastating consequences like genocide.

02:28:00

"Collective Action Essential in Addressing Security Threats"

Human rights enforcement is limited by the use of force, which should be used judiciously to preserve rights without escalating violence.
Violence may be necessary to combat terrorism and address violations of human rights, but it should be understood and used with caution.
Cooperation among military forces is crucial to address non-traditional security threats like terrorism, migration, and epidemics.
International cooperation through bilateral agreements and involvement of organizations like the United Nations is essential to tackle security threats effectively.
Non-governmental organizations like the Red Cross and international human rights organizations play a significant role in addressing security threats.
Business organizations and influential personalities like Bill Gates can also contribute to addressing security threats through cooperation and support.
The use of force as a last resort is necessary to combat international terrorism and address non-traditional security threats collectively.
Collective international action is crucial to address non-traditional security threats effectively, as individual countries may act in their own interests.
The case of Afghanistan highlights the importance of collective international action in addressing security threats and preventing human rights violations.
India's security strategy is based on military capabilities, adherence to international norms, addressing security challenges within the country, and developing the real economy.

02:41:50

India's Security Strategy: Strengthening Defense and Unity

India strengthened its military capabilities to address external threats, including military conflicts with neighboring countries like Pakistan.
The country conducted nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998 to enhance its national security and deter potential threats.
India focused on international norms and institutions to protect its security interests and promote global peace and security.
Initiatives like the Non-Proliferation Treaty were taken to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and maintain peace.
India's non-alignment policy helped maintain peace and stability by not aligning with any superpower.
The country addressed internal security challenges posed by militant groups in various regions like Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, and Kashmir.
India aimed to preserve national unity through a democratic political system that allows different communities to express their grievances.
Developing a strong economy was crucial for India's security strategy to lift citizens out of poverty and reduce economic inequalities.
Democratic politics and economic growth were seen as essential components for providing greater security and stability.
The text concludes by encouraging revision and learning, highlighting the importance of education and continuous improvement.

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