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🔥🎉ஒரே வீடியோவில் POLITY(6 to 12) முடிந்தது | மொத்தமும் தூக்கியாச்சு |10/10 Confirm| Sathish Gurunath

GURUNATH IAS ACADEMY・2 minutes read

The Code Revision Series focuses on the comprehensive study of Polity revision in Tamil Nadu, covering various topics such as the Constitution, the formation of the Indian Constitution, and the drafting committee's work. The text details the key aspects of India's Constitution, including the President's role, emergency powers, the Parliament's structure, and the Supreme Court's functions and powers.

Insights

  • The Code Revision Series in Tamil Nadu provides a comprehensive resource for Polity revision, covering topics from the 12th-grade syllabus, focusing on Indian politics and the Constitution, starting with fundamental rights and the formation of the Indian Constitution.
  • The Constituent Assembly, established after MN Roy's call in 1934, had 389 members from provinces and Princely States, with an indirect election system, costing 64 lakh rupees and drawing inspiration from 60 countries, completing the Constitution on November 26, 1949, and adopting it on January 26, 1950.
  • The Drafting Committee, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, with seven members, worked on political determinations in the Constituent Assembly, with major committees like the Union Constitution Committee and Provincial Constitution Committee playing crucial roles in shaping the Constitution.
  • Fundamental Rights, including Articles 12 to 35, are detailed, with Article 32 highlighted as the soul of the Constitution, emphasizing the significance of due process of law and the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) inspired by Ireland's model for social and economic justice.
  • The President of India, elected through a proportional system, has executive powers, the ability to appoint officials, create emergencies, and grant pardons, with a term of five years, while the Prime Minister, appointed by the President, heads the government, appoints ministers, and is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

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Recent questions

  • What is the Code Revision Series?

    A comprehensive resource for Polity revision in Tamil Nadu.

  • How was the Indian Constitution formed?

    Over two years, 11 months, and 18 days, drawing inspiration from 60 countries.

  • Who were the key members of the Drafting Committee?

    Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Alladi Krishnasamy Ironu, Gobalaswamy Iyengar, Syed Mohammed, KM Munis, Sadullah, and DD Krishnamacharin.

  • What are the fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution?

    Detailed from Article 12 to Article 35, including Article 32 as the soul of the Constitution.

  • What is the role of the President of India?

    A nominal leader with executive powers, appointing officials and enacting emergencies.

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Summary

00:00

Polity Revision Series: Comprehensive Guide for Students

  • The Code Revision Series is a comprehensive resource for Polity revision in Tamil Nadu.
  • The syllabus covers all topics from the school book river and is present in the 12th grade.
  • The video provides a full revision of politics in one stage, focusing on Indian topics.
  • The revision starts with the Constitution, addressing fundamental rights and the formation of the Indian Constitution.
  • MN Roy's voice in 1934 initiated the call for a Constituent Assembly, supported by the Congress Party and Jawaharlal Nehru in subsequent years.
  • The British accepted the demands in August 1940, leading to the publication of the August Report.
  • The Cripps Report in 1942 and the 1946 Cabinet Committee Report further shaped the political landscape.
  • The Constituent Assembly had 389 members, with 292 from provinces and 93 from Princely States.
  • The Assembly operated through an indirect election system, with appointed members representing various regions.
  • The Constitution was written over two years, 11 months, and 18 days, costing 64 lakh rupees and drawing inspiration from 60 countries.
  • The Constitution was completed on November 26, 1949, and adopted on January 26, 1950, with 395 articles and a preamble, symbolized by an elephant.

12:37

Formation and Work of India's Drafting Committee

  • The Drafting Committee was formed on August 29, 1947, consisting of 389 individuals with political expertise.
  • The Drafting Committee comprised seven members, including B N Rao, Chatta, and legal adviser B N Raongiravar.
  • The seven members of the Drafting Committee were led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, with other notable members being Alladi Krishnasamy Ironu, Gobalaswamy Iyengar, Syed Mohammed, KM Munis, Sadullah, and DD Krishnamacharin.
  • The Drafting Committee worked on political determinations and the Constitution's drafting in the Constituent Assembly.
  • Major Committees, such as the Union Constitution Committee led by Jawaharlal Nehru and the Provincial Constitution Committee led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, were established.
  • The Rules Committee, chaired by Rajendra Prasad, and the Steering Committee were crucial groups in the Constitution's formation.
  • Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, played a significant role in the Permanent Assembly post-independence.
  • The Drafting Committee's work was critiqued by Nasrudin Shah, who highlighted the flaws and emphasized the importance of the Constitution's completion.
  • The Preamble of the Constitution was inspired by American concepts, focusing on sovereignty, socialism, secularism, democracy, and republicanism.
  • The Preamble also emphasized liberty, equality, and fraternity, with key statements made by prominent figures like Ambedkar, Balkiwala, Alladi Krishnasamy Iyer, and Yarna KM Munshi.

24:37

Key Figures and Cases in Constitutional Law

  • Pandit Tagava Vachirunga NS is mentioned as a key figure in the text
  • NS Parker is highlighted as a significant individual in the narrative
  • Keenu is noted to use a key, emphasizing its importance
  • The Constitution's Key Note is discussed, with NS Parker being involved
  • The American Declaration is referenced in relation to the Constitution
  • The importance of agent cases is highlighted
  • The Kesavanandabadi case in 1973 is mentioned in connection to the Constitution
  • The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, introduced by Indira Gandhi, is discussed
  • Fundamental Rights are detailed, including Article 12 to Article 35
  • The significance of Article 32 as the soul of the Constitution is emphasized

37:14

Evolution of Fundamental Rights in India

  • Fundamental Rights can be amended at any cost, as seen in the Pannikkalam Pannikkonka article.
  • The Supreme Court ruled on the Sembakanth Durjan case in 1951, questioning the correctness of the verdict.
  • The Golaknath case in 1967 saw the Supreme Court reversing its previous ruling on Fundamental Rights.
  • The 1973 Kesavanandabadi case emphasized that amendments should not alter the basic structure of the constitution.
  • The 1990 Act by VP Singh allocated 22% for OBC, 22% for SC and ST, totaling 49% reservation for government jobs.
  • The Supreme Court's judgment in the Indirasan's case under Article 16 in 1992 was an exception to the norm.
  • The AK Gopalan case in 1950 and the Mena Gandhi case in 1978 were pivotal in interpreting Article 21.
  • The due process of law, as established in the Mena Gandhi case, emphasized following the law meticulously.
  • The DBSP, from Article 36 to Article 51, outlined guiding principles for the government to ensure social and economic justice.
  • Ambedkar's DPSP, inspired by Ireland's model, aimed to establish a welfare state in India through social and economic democracy.

50:21

Evolution of Indian Constitution: Key Highlights

  • In 1948, the prohibition of cow slaughter was emphasized in agriculture science.
  • Protection of monuments was highlighted as a crucial aspect in 1949.
  • The separation of powers between the executive and judiciary was discussed in 1950.
  • The importance of establishing international peace was emphasized in 1951.
  • Various initiatives for social welfare, such as Panchayats and child nutrition education, were mentioned.
  • Gandhian principles, including cottage industries and socialist theories, were detailed.
  • Amendments to the DPSP Act, including legal aid for the poor, were discussed.
  • The 97th Amendment Act of 2011 focused on cooperative societies.
  • The Minerva Mills case of 1980 emphasized fundamental rights and DPSP.
  • The introduction of fundamental duties in the Constitution, recommended by the Swaran Singh Committee and added by Indira Gandhi in the 42nd Amendment of 1976, was detailed.

01:03:47

"Indian President's Role in Education Laws"

  • Article 21a of the Fundamental Rights Article in Sadar Vajpayee DBS 45 focuses on education for children under six years old.
  • Act 86 of 2002, passed by Vajpayee, emphasizes education for children aged 6 to 14.
  • The 86th Amendment added 11 basic duties for parents in India regarding their children's education.
  • The basic duties are not justifiable in nature, meaning they are not enforceable by law.
  • The Verma Committee in 1999 suggested implementing the basic duties through various laws, such as the Forest Protection Act and the Wildlife Protection Act.
  • The President of India is a nominal leader, with the real executive power lying with the Prime Minister.
  • The President is elected through a proportional system by members of Parliament and state legislatures.
  • To become President, one must be an Indian citizen, at least 35 years old, and not a member of both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha simultaneously.
  • The President's salary, allowances, and pension are decided by Parliament.
  • The President's term is five years, and in case of resignation, death, or impeachment, the Vice President takes over.

01:15:59

Presidential Powers and Impeachment Process in Samayatula

  • Dagunu is the Vice President of Samayatula.
  • President Sir Khalia should sit for 365 days before the Vice President can take over.
  • Impeachment can occur in the Republic of the President through Tenure Removal.
  • Loksabha or Rajya Sabha can initiate the impeachment process with a 14-day notice.
  • Two-thirds of the total membership must vote for impeachment.
  • The President has Executive Powers and appoints various officials like Ministers and Judges.
  • The President can sign or reject ordinary bills but must sign money bills.
  • The President must approve the advance before introducing a bill in Parliament.
  • The President has the power to sign Constitution Amendment Bills without reconsideration.
  • The President can create a National Emergency or Financial Emergency.

01:29:02

Indian Government Structure and Presidential Powers

  • The President can enact emergency laws for a maximum of six months, with an additional six-week cap.
  • Emergency laws are not permanent and must be amended into permanent laws by the Cabinet.
  • Article 72 grants the President the power to pardon and commute sentences.
  • Article 74 mandates the President to heed the advice of the Council of Ministers.
  • The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and is the head of the government.
  • The Prime Minister appoints other ministers, who are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
  • The Vice President is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and can substitute for the President.
  • The Vice President can only be dismissed by the Rajya Sabha through a simple majority vote.
  • The President's term is five years, and in case of vacancy, an election must be held within six months.
  • The qualifications for the President and Vice President include being Indian citizens and members of the Rajya Sabha.

01:41:44

Indian Parliament: Structure, Ministers, and Elections

  • The first MP is Aidu 75, and to become a minister, one must contest elections for either Loksabha or Rajya Sabha.
  • Article 75 of the Parliament decides the salary of all ministers, and the 91st Act of 2003 added to Article 75.
  • The cabinet consists of important ministers, with the Council of Other Ministers being the last cabinet.
  • The term "cabinet" was coined by Morarji Desai in 1978, and it refers to the group of important ministers.
  • The Indian Parliament is modeled after the British Parliament, with two houses - Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
  • The old Parliament building was completed in 1927 by civil engineers Edwin and Herbert, and the new building is part of the Central Vista Project.
  • The Lok Sabha has a total strength of 552 members, with the current strength being 543, and elections are conducted directly.
  • The Rajya Sabha has a total strength of 250 members, with the current strength being 245, and elections are conducted indirectly through state legislatures.
  • The President appoints 12 members to the Rajya Sabha based on their expertise in various fields, and the President has no arbitrary power in this process.
  • Vithalabhai J Patel was the first Indian Speaker of the Lok Sabha during British rule, born in 1925.

01:54:30

Key Figures in Indian Parliamentary History

  • Frederick White was the first Speaker of India in 1921, a British individual.
  • Vitthalabhai Patel was the Deputy Speaker of India during the same period.
  • Sachidananda Chinna was the first Indian Deputy Speaker, elected in 1921.
  • The Speaker of India during British rule was GV Mavalangar.
  • The First Deputy Speaker of Independent India was Ananda Sayanam.
  • The Speaker of Independent India was GV Moulanger, while the First Deputy Speaker was Ananda Sayanam.
  • In British India, the First Speaker was Vitthalapai Patel, and the First Deputy Speaker was Satchidananda Chinna.
  • The Speaker, or Sabanayakar, holds significant powers in the Indian Parliament, including deciding on bills and resolutions.
  • The Speaker also presides over joint sittings of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, with the power to cast a deciding vote in case of a tie.
  • The Speaker's role is crucial in determining the nature of bills, such as money bills, and has the authority to decide on matters like the Defection Act.

02:06:11

Key Legislative Procedures and Committees in Parliament

  • Only the ruling party minister in Lok Sabha can initiate a money bill.
  • Rajya Sabha can reject a bill but cannot amend it.
  • A bill can only be held for 14 days in Rajya Sabha.
  • The President must sign a money bill for it to become law.
  • The Constitution Amendment Bill requires a special majority to be passed.
  • The Rajya Sabha has no power over money bills.
  • The President must sign the 24th Amendment Act of 1971 for it to be confirmed.
  • The Rajya Sabha can legislate on matters in the State List under Article 249.
  • Article 312 allows for the creation of new services by the Rajya Sabha.
  • The Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee, and Committee on Public Undertakings are important groups in Parliament.

02:18:43

"Supreme Court Collegium System and Judicial Review"

  • The court operates under a collegium system, with three key individuals involved.
  • The collegium system is akin to the TNPSC model, with the CJI and two senior judges making appointments.
  • The collegium system was introduced through cases like the Second Judges Case in 1993 and the Third Judges' Cases of 1998.
  • Qualifications for becoming a Supreme Court judge include being an Indian citizen and serving as a high court judge for five years.
  • The process of appointing Supreme Court judges involves interviews and taking an oath of office.
  • Judges can be removed from office through the Judges Inquiry Act of 1968, involving a special majority and a committee investigation.
  • The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving the central and state governments.
  • Judicial review allows the court to strike down laws that are against the constitution, as per Article 13.
  • The power of judicial review was affirmed in cases like Kesavananda Bharati in 1973 and IC Golaknath in 2007.
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