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LIVE: Senate begins probe into Duterte administration's war on drugs | Oct. 28

Manila Bulletin Online・2 minutes read

The Senate subcommittee is investigating the Philippine war on drugs, emphasizing the need for accountability and transparency, particularly concerning the high number of deaths and allegations of extrajudicial killings. Key testimonies reveal significant concerns over police operations, with calls for reform prioritizing rehabilitation and human rights amid the ongoing scrutiny of former President Duterte's policies.

Insights

  • The investigation into the Philippine war on illegal drugs, led by Senator Cynthia Villar and other senators, aims to examine the actions and policies of the Duterte administration, particularly regarding allegations of misconduct and the need for accountability in public service.
  • The Chairman of the subcommittee stresses that the investigation must be impartial and transparent, focusing on the constitutional obligations of public officials to act with integrity and honesty, which is essential for restoring public trust.
  • A significant aspect of the hearings will be addressing the alarming number of deaths linked to the drug war, including the tragic toll on children, with the aim of promoting justice and necessary reforms within law enforcement practices.
  • Senator Bato dela Rosa, a former police chief, openly commits to truthfulness during the hearings, acknowledging his involvement in the drug war and expressing a willingness to contribute to the discussions surrounding the allegations.
  • The hearings will prioritize the voices of victims and their families, highlighting their experiences to ensure they are recognized and to drive calls for accountability and reform in the ongoing fight against illegal drugs.
  • The narrative of the drug war is complex and contested, with claims that innocent individuals have suffered due to aggressive policing strategies rather than effective solutions addressing the root causes of drug-related issues.
  • Public sentiment during Duterte's presidency showed overwhelming support for the anti-drug campaign, with a majority of Filipinos perceiving increased safety, despite the high death toll and human rights concerns associated with the enforcement of these policies.
  • The term "neutralization" used by police has sparked debate over its interpretation, with some officials suggesting it implies lethal action, raising critical questions about police operations and the need for clearer guidelines to prevent abuses.
  • The ongoing inquiry reflects broader societal concerns about the implications of the drug war, with advocates calling for a shift towards rehabilitation and humane treatment of drug addiction, rather than a violent crackdown that has led to numerous extrajudicial killings.

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Recent questions

  • What is the war on drugs?

    The war on drugs refers to government-led initiatives aimed at reducing illegal drug use and trafficking. It often involves law enforcement actions, including arrests and eradication of drug production. The term gained prominence in the 20th century, particularly in the United States, and has been adopted by various countries, including the Philippines under President Duterte. Critics argue that such campaigns can lead to human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, as seen in the Philippines, where the aggressive approach has resulted in significant casualties and raised concerns about accountability and the treatment of individuals involved in drug-related activities.

  • How can I support drug rehabilitation?

    Supporting drug rehabilitation can be approached in several ways. You can volunteer at local rehabilitation centers, donate to organizations that provide resources for recovery programs, or advocate for policies that promote rehabilitation over punishment for drug users. Additionally, raising awareness about the importance of mental health and addiction treatment in your community can help reduce stigma and encourage individuals to seek help. Engaging in educational initiatives that inform the public about the benefits of rehabilitation and the need for comprehensive support systems for recovering addicts is also crucial in fostering a more compassionate approach to drug addiction.

  • What are the effects of drug abuse?

    Drug abuse can have profound effects on individuals and society. Physically, it can lead to health issues such as heart disease, liver damage, and infectious diseases, depending on the substance used. Psychologically, it can cause mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Socially, drug abuse can result in strained relationships, job loss, and increased crime rates. Communities may experience heightened violence and instability, particularly in areas where drug trafficking is prevalent. The broader implications include economic costs related to healthcare, law enforcement, and lost productivity, highlighting the need for effective prevention and treatment strategies.

  • What is the role of law enforcement in drug policy?

    Law enforcement plays a critical role in drug policy by enforcing laws related to drug use, trafficking, and production. This includes conducting investigations, making arrests, and seizing illegal substances. However, the approach taken by law enforcement can vary significantly, with some agencies focusing on punitive measures while others emphasize harm reduction and rehabilitation. Effective drug policy requires a balanced approach that addresses the root causes of drug abuse, promotes public safety, and respects human rights. Collaboration with health services, community organizations, and policymakers is essential to create comprehensive strategies that reduce drug-related harm while ensuring accountability in law enforcement practices.

  • How can communities combat drug-related issues?

    Communities can combat drug-related issues through a multifaceted approach that includes education, prevention, and support services. Implementing educational programs in schools about the dangers of drug use can help deter young people from experimenting with substances. Community outreach initiatives can provide resources and support for individuals struggling with addiction, including access to counseling and rehabilitation services. Additionally, fostering a supportive environment that encourages open discussions about drug use and mental health can reduce stigma and promote recovery. Collaborating with local law enforcement, healthcare providers, and non-profit organizations can enhance the effectiveness of community efforts to address drug-related challenges and promote healthier lifestyles.

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Summary

00:00

Philippine Senate Investigates Drug War Accountability

  • The subcommittee of the blue ribbon committee is tasked with investigating the Philippine war on illegal drugs, with Senator Cynthia Villar and other senators present during the first hearing.
  • The Chairman emphasizes the importance of conducting the investigation without bias, focusing on the Duterte administration's enforcement of anti-illegal drug laws and its compliance with constitutional principles.
  • The investigation aims to address allegations of malfeasance and nonfeasance, with the hearings providing a platform for those accused to respond to claims against them.
  • The Chairman highlights the constitutional mandate for public officials to be accountable, serve with integrity, and maintain honesty in public service, stressing the need for transparency in the investigation.
  • The subcommittee will examine the significant number of deaths attributed to the war on drugs, noting that even one death is too many, and emphasizing the need for justice and reform in public service.
  • Senator Bato dela Rosa, a former Chief of the Philippine National Police, expresses his commitment to truth-telling during the hearings, stating that he has been implicated in the war on drugs and is prepared to contribute to the discussion.
  • The Senate President commends the subcommittee for addressing the pressing issue of illegal drugs, acknowledging the need for public awareness while also considering human rights and the dignity of affected individuals.
  • The Majority Leader raises a point of parliamentary inquiry regarding the adoption of new rules for the blue ribbon committee, emphasizing the importance of understanding these rules for effective participation in the hearings.
  • The Majority Leader also discusses the balance between public interest and individual rights, highlighting the constitutional protections against self-incrimination and the presumption of innocence for resource persons.
  • The hearings will focus on the stories of victims and orphans affected by the war on drugs, aiming to ensure that their experiences are acknowledged and spur action towards accountability and reform.

23:51

Philippines Drug War: Victims and Controversies

  • The investigation into the war on drugs in the Philippines, initiated by former President Duterte, is being scrutinized for its impact on victims, including the systematic abuse of individuals and the existence of organized kill lists, which have resulted in numerous extrajudicial killings (EJKs) and fear within communities.
  • A staggering 122 children, including a one-year-old, were reported killed during the drug war, with 32 fatalities occurring in a single night in Bulacan in 2017, raising questions about the legitimacy of the operations conducted under the guise of a drug campaign.
  • The total death toll attributed to the war on drugs reached approximately 26,000 individuals in 2017 alone, highlighting the severe consequences of the policies enacted during Duterte's administration.
  • Witnesses to the murder of victims, including minors, were embraced by advocates seeking justice, emphasizing the need for accountability and recognition of the victims of the drug war.
  • The narrative surrounding the drug war is contested, with some arguing that it has led to the punishment of innocent individuals rather than addressing the root causes of drug-related issues, as evidenced by the high number of civilian casualties.
  • Senator Bongo expressed condolences to victims of Typhoon Christine while emphasizing the need to investigate the war on drugs, asserting that the truth must be revealed to serve the Filipino people effectively.
  • During Duterte's presidency, 55% of barangays (neighborhoods) were reported drug-free, with over 76 billion pesos worth of drugs confiscated, and a 70% reduction in crime rates noted in the first five years of his administration.
  • Public support for the anti-drug campaign was high, with 99% of Filipinos reportedly backing the initiative, reflecting a perceived increase in safety and security during Duterte's tenure.
  • The need for operational and legal support for law enforcement officers was highlighted, with proposals for free legal assistance for police personnel involved in their official duties to ensure they can perform their roles effectively.
  • The speaker clarified their role as a special assistant to the President from 2016 to 2018, stating that their responsibilities were limited to scheduling and did not involve direct participation in police operations or sensitive matters related to the drug war.

46:12

Philippine Government's Comprehensive Drug Policy Initiatives

  • The Philippine government enacted several laws to enhance pandemic response, including Republic Act 1169 (Bayanihan to Heal as One), Republic Act 1194 (Bayanihan to Recover as One), and Republic Act 117122 (Public Health Emergency Benefits and Allowances for Healthcare Workers Act).
  • The speaker expresses personal support for President Duterte, emphasizing their commitment to assist him, particularly regarding his health and medical needs as he ages.
  • The speaker's office is accessible for communication, operating until midnight, and they encourage constituents to voice their concerns, which are often referred to appropriate agencies for resolution.
  • The speaker highlights the need for legislation to address police abuse and ensure that drug addiction is treated as a health issue, advocating for the rehabilitation of drug users rather than punitive measures.
  • The establishment of drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation centers is emphasized, with a call for a whole-of-government approach to combat illegal drugs and support the reintegration of rehabilitated individuals into society.
  • The speaker filed Senate Bill 428 to create drug rehabilitation centers in every province and Senate Bill 2115 to provide vocational and livelihood programs for rehabilitated drug dependents.
  • The current process for admitting individuals to rehabilitation centers requires a court commitment order, which can be lengthy, deterring those seeking help; the speaker advocates for a more efficient process.
  • Mandatory counseling for drug victims and empowering the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to assist them is proposed to enhance support for those affected by drug addiction.
  • The speaker stresses the importance of including drug prevention education in school curricula to combat substance abuse and protect human rights while increasing the budget for law enforcement agencies.
  • A committee hearing is conducted with various resource persons present, including former President Duterte and other officials, to discuss drug-related issues and ensure accountability in the ongoing fight against illegal drugs.

01:07:05

Committee Hearing on Drug War Accountability

  • The committee hearing begins with a request to include Attorney Enrico Rigor from the anti-illegal drugs group in the next subpoena, acknowledging that he was not invited to the current session.
  • The committee discusses the need to coordinate with the House of Representatives for future hearings, aiming to conclude the current session by 3 or 4 PM to maintain discipline and efficiency.
  • Witnesses are sworn in, including Miss Kye, who affirms to tell the truth during the proceedings, and the committee considers inviting additional officials such as DOJ Secretary Rula and the current Chief of the PNP.
  • The chair emphasizes the importance of hearing from families who claim to be victims of the Philippine war on illegal drugs, indicating that the subcommittee is focused on addressing grievances related to this issue.
  • The former President is given the opportunity to make an opening statement, where he asserts that the war on drugs is about protecting the innocent and eradicating illegal substances, not about killing people.
  • The former President highlights the establishment of a drug rehabilitation facility in Davao City, emphasizing that rehabilitation is key to helping addicted individuals reintegrate into society.
  • He expresses his strong opposition to illegal drugs and the individuals who distribute them, stating that he takes full legal responsibility for police actions taken under his orders during his presidency.
  • The testimony of Randy de los Santos, uncle of a murder victim, reveals that his nephew was wrongfully killed during a police operation, and he criticizes the police for false accusations and lack of accountability.
  • De los Santos shares that his family has been marked as drug dealers due to misleading police reports, which has caused them fear and loss of employment, and he calls for justice for the victims of police operations.
  • The session concludes with de los Santos expressing disappointment over the lack of justice for his brother's murder, despite evidence proving police misconduct, and he urges the committee to take action on the filed cases against the police.

01:40:18

Grief and Justice in Drug Violence Aftermath

  • The speaker, identified as Mr. Randy de los Santos, discusses the impact of a family member's death, expressing personal grief and frustration over the circumstances surrounding it, particularly related to drug-related violence.
  • He mentions that he is the chairman and field coordinator of a healing program that supports 312 families affected by violence, emphasizing the importance of personal visits to these families during difficult times.
  • The conversation shifts to the death of a young man named Kian, who was allegedly involved in drug dealing, with Mr. de los Santos expressing anger and disbelief over the situation, highlighting the emotional toll on families.
  • A police officer's involvement in drug activities is brought up, with Mr. de los Santos recalling a specific incident where a drug dealer was apprehended, leading to Kian's tragic fate.
  • The testimony of Christina Gonzalez, the wife of a deceased drug dealer, reveals that her husband was coerced into selling drugs by police officers, specifically naming Officer Alen Kadag as a supplier.
  • Gonzalez recounts the timeline of her husband's drug involvement, stating he began selling drugs in 2015 and was killed on July 5, 2016, while under police pressure to comply with their demands.
  • The discussion includes the fear and intimidation faced by families involved in drug activities, with Gonzalez mentioning that her husband was threatened by police if he reported their actions.
  • The term "Ninja cops" is introduced, referring to corrupt police officers involved in drug operations, with a call for accountability and investigation into their activities.
  • Father Flaviano Vilanueva is introduced, who emphasizes the need for healing and support for victims of the drug war, sharing his experiences and observations from the period of heightened violence from 2016 to 2022.
  • The session concludes with a request for further testimonies and a commitment to investigate the claims made against specific police officers involved in drug-related activities, aiming for justice and clarity for the affected families.

02:01:47

Duterte's Drug War and Its Deadly Consequences

  • Mayor Duterte is accused of being a key figure in a drug syndicate, with claims that he has targeted innocent people in the city, leading to a culture of violence and assassination against those labeled as criminals.
  • The "Lambada Boys," a group allegedly organized by Duterte, were tasked with killing defenseless individuals, with their activities serving as a form of training for future killings.
  • From 1998 to 2008, it is reported that at least 1,000 people died as a result of these operations, highlighting a systematic approach to extrajudicial killings.
  • Four key elements were identified in the operations of the "Davao Death Squad" (DDS), including the use of shabu (methamphetamine), which was prevalent among addicts, and the manipulation of evidence, such as tampered firearms.
  • Specific incidents were recounted, including the death of a three-year-old child, Mika, during police operations, raising questions about the accountability of law enforcement in these killings.
  • In the first 100 days of Duterte's presidency, approximately 3,600 people were reported killed, with daily averages peaking at 49 deaths, indicating a significant escalation in violence.
  • The narrative surrounding these killings often downplays the impact on innocent victims, with reports of collateral damage, including 122 children, being overlooked in official statements.
  • Father Flav, a witness, emphasized the need for justice for the families affected by these killings, stating that many families have lost their breadwinners and are now impoverished.
  • The discussion included the need for proper investigations into these killings, with calls for accountability from law enforcement and the filing of cases against those responsible for the violence.
  • The ongoing dialogue reflects a broader concern about the implications of Duterte's war on drugs, with advocates calling for a more humane approach to drug addiction and a focus on rehabilitation rather than violence.

02:23:49

Philippines Drug War: Deaths and Testimonies

  • The autopsy of Doora Kel has been completed, and it is confirmed that there is no gunshot wound, disputing the initial claim regarding the child's cause of death.
  • Attorney Dean Chell Jokno is invited to present at the hearing, where he will include the testimony of a survivor of an attempted extrajudicial killing.
  • The campaign against illegal drugs initiated by President Rodrigo Duterte is linked to a command from the highest levels of the Philippine National Police (PNP), as outlined in the command circular PNP CMC 16-26.
  • Project Double Barrel, launched on the first day of the new PNP Chief, consists of two branches: Project Tokhang (house-to-house visits) and Project HVT (High-Value Targets), aimed at drug personalities involved in trafficking.
  • The command circular instructs police to "neutralize" suspected drug personalities rather than simply arresting them, leading to a significant shift in police operations and interpretations of their duties.
  • The term "neutralize" has been interpreted by police to mean "kill," as evidenced by statements from PNP officials and reports indicating that suspects were often killed during operations labeled as "neutralization."
  • Reports from various police stations, including Santa Ana and Tondo, consistently use the term "neutralized" in the context of suspects who were killed during police operations, often after being placed on drug watch lists.
  • The Duterte administration's drug war has resulted in approximately 2,322 deaths, as reported by the Supreme Court, highlighting the scale of violence associated with the campaign.
  • A survivor of an extrajudicial killing, Roger Herrero, testified about his experience, revealing that he was wrongfully charged with robbery after being shot by police, who later attempted to change the narrative of the incident.
  • The hearing also addresses the fear among families of victims of extrajudicial killings, as many are reluctant to file cases against police due to concerns for their safety and the ongoing presence of those responsible for the violence.

02:45:05

Understanding Neutralization in Philippine Police Operations

  • The discussion revolves around the interpretation of the term "neutralize" as used in police operations, particularly in the context of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and its former chiefs' perspectives on its meaning and implications.
  • Former PNP Chief Archie Gamboa emphasizes that the term "neutralization" is often found in military operational plans and has been carried over into police terminology, suggesting that it does not inherently mean killing but can refer to various forms of police intervention.
  • Gamboa cites three laws that prohibit the disclosure of classified documents, including NAPOLCOM Circular 2016-002, Republic Act 3019 Section 3, and Republic Act 6713 Section 7, which protect sensitive information related to national security and public safety.
  • The command memorandum circular (CMC) from 2016, which spans 18 pages, includes multiple references to "neutralization" and emphasizes respect for human rights, indicating that the term should be understood within the broader context of police operational protocols.
  • The term "neutralization" has been used consistently in various PNP circulars from 2016 to 2022, and its interpretation has evolved, with some former chiefs acknowledging that it can imply different actions, including arrest, capture, or even lethal force under certain circumstances.
  • Gamboa points out that the shift in PNP strategy, particularly the "double barrel" approach to drug enforcement, has led to an increase in operations that may result in fatalities, raising concerns about the incentives for police actions.
  • The definition of "neutralization" as per the PNP's procedure manual states it is a police intervention aimed at stopping unlawful aggression, which can include arrest or other means to subdue a suspect, but does not explicitly define it as killing.
  • The discussion highlights the potential for misinterpretation of the term "neutralization" by those outside the PNP, stressing that only individuals within the organization should interpret police terminology based on their training and operational context.
  • Former chiefs acknowledge that the term "neutralization" has been used in various contexts, including voluntary surrender and legal arrests, but also recognize that on the ground, it may be interpreted as lethal action by some officers.
  • The conversation concludes with a recognition of the complexities surrounding the term "neutralization" and its implications in police operations, particularly in the context of the ongoing war on drugs in the Philippines, and the need for clarity in its definition and application.

03:05:47

Police Operations and the Language of Violence

  • The circular discussed is confidential, and the request for a copy from the PNP for a Supreme Court case was not fulfilled, leading to a certified true copy being submitted instead.
  • The term "neutralized" is interpreted by police officials, including Kayel Jov Espenido, as synonymous with killing, indicating a direct connection between the term and lethal force in police operations.
  • General Gamboa explained that the circular was intended for limited circulation among government employees, emphasizing that it was marked as confidential, although it was later released by the PNP without proper markings.
  • Colonel Espenido clarified that "neutralization" in police reports refers to stopping illegal activities, which can include the possibility of killing, but is not explicitly a directive to kill.
  • The police reports often use similar language, suggesting a pattern in how incidents involving suspects are documented, particularly regarding the terms "immediate apprehension" and "neutralization."
  • Attorney Jokno requested that the committee receive organized observations regarding the patterns in police reports, indicating a need for clarity on the language used in documenting police operations.
  • The discussion highlighted the dangers faced by human rights advocates opposing the war on drugs, with Attorney Chell noting threats and security concerns for those assisting victims of extrajudicial killings (EJKs).
  • Former Senator Leila de Lima emphasized the need to destroy drugs without destroying lives, criticizing the former president's policies that led to numerous killings under the guise of a drug war.
  • De Lima recounted her experiences during the Senate investigations into the drug war, expressing frustration over the lack of accountability for the thousands killed and the challenges faced in gathering testimonies from insiders.
  • The session concluded with a call for more witnesses to come forward to provide evidence of the policies that led to extrajudicial killings, highlighting the ongoing struggle for justice and accountability in the context of the drug war.

03:27:15

Davao's Culture of Fear and Impunity

  • The discussion revolves around the culture of fear and impunity in Davao, particularly regarding the alleged extrajudicial killings linked to the Duterte administration, with testimonies being presented in a Senate inquiry.
  • Witnesses have expressed concerns about the lack of thorough investigation into the killings, suggesting that the majority opinion is that these acts were not state-sponsored, despite evidence indicating otherwise.
  • A focus is placed on the killings associated with the "War on Drugs" initiated in 2016, with a request for permission to present a detailed analysis of these events in future hearings.
  • Colonel Agarma's testimony is highlighted, with references to Edgar Matobato and Arturo Lascañas, who initially denied involvement in the Davao Death Squad (DDS) but later recanted, providing detailed accounts in their affidavits.
  • The former chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR), who served from 2008 to 2010, confirmed that investigations were conducted regarding the DDS, but many officials were uncooperative, leading to limited results.
  • A resolution from June 20, 2012, recommended filing administrative and criminal cases against former Mayor Rodrigo Duterte and other officials, but no cases were pursued due to presidential immunity once Duterte became president.
  • The former senator noted that the investigation faced challenges in accessing witnesses, which hindered the ability to file cases against Duterte during her tenure as Secretary of Justice.
  • The inquiry also compares the number of killings reported under different administrations, revealing a significant increase in killings during the Duterte administration, particularly in the context of the drug war.
  • Administrative Order No. 35 was established to create an interagency committee to investigate extrajudicial killings, but the focus was primarily on killings of activists rather than drug-related killings.
  • The Senate committee aims to clarify the overlap between extrajudicial killings and the drug war, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive investigation into the killings that have occurred since Duterte's assumption of office.

03:48:07

Accountability in Drug War Investigations Discussed

  • Resource persons in the committee hearing are allotted 10 to 15 minutes to speak, contrasting with the lower house's Quad hearing, where responses were limited to "yes" or "no," emphasizing the committee's respect for their contributors.
  • The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) operates under the Department of Justice, and there are concerns about the lack of follow-up on investigations related to former Davao City Mayor Duterte's alleged involvement in killings, with no cases filed against him despite years of administration.
  • The NBI Chief's name during the investigation was requested, highlighting the need for accountability and clarity regarding the agency's actions and reports on the case.
  • A former mayor, who served six years, denied being a drug protector and stated that he took decisive actions against illegal drugs, which were recognized nationally by the Philippine National Police (PNP) from 2014 to 2017.
  • The former mayor acknowledged his lack of formal training in addressing crime and drugs but emphasized his legal authority to set local policies and priorities related to these issues.
  • Attorney Salvador Panelo, former Chief Presidential Legal Counsel, stated he provided legal advice to President Duterte and did not observe any illegal actions or reward systems related to the war on drugs during his tenure from July 2016 to October 2021.
  • Greco Belgica, former Chairman of the Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC), clarified that the PACC's jurisdiction did not extend to drug-related investigations, which were referred to other agencies like the PDEA, DOJ, PNP, and NBI.
  • Belgica mentioned his personal involvement in drug prevention and rehabilitation efforts through the Yeshua Change Agent organization, focusing on helping those at risk of drug use.
  • The committee hearing included a request for a five-minute presentation from the "Night Crawlers," a group of photojournalists documenting the war on drugs, to provide visual evidence and insights at the next session.
  • The hearing concluded with senators beginning their questioning, emphasizing the seriousness of the drug problem and the need for accountability in the government's response to it.

04:10:59

Police Authority and Controversial Tactics Explored

  • The speaker emphasizes the importance of police authority and self-defense in law enforcement, stating that police must overcome resistance when arresting individuals, and that there is no compromise in such situations. This includes the necessity for police to act decisively, even if it involves using lethal force against armed suspects.
  • The speaker recalls their past as Mayor of Davao, where they claimed to have issued orders to police to kill criminals, particularly drug pushers and kidnappers, to maintain public safety. They assert that their approach was to eliminate threats to the community, stating, "Kill them for one less criminal."
  • The existence of the so-called "Davao Death Squad" is discussed, with the speaker denying its formal existence while acknowledging that there were groups of assassins linked to the Davao City police. They suggest that the term "death squad" was popularized by media and not officially recognized by law enforcement.
  • The speaker reflects on the challenges faced by police in Davao, particularly during hostage situations where civilians are at risk. They argue that police must be prepared to confront armed criminals to protect the public, indicating that such confrontations often lead to violence and casualties.
  • A senator seeks to present a video related to the Davao Death Squad during a public inquiry, highlighting the ongoing investigation into the alleged extrajudicial killings and the role of police in these actions. The discussion reveals tensions between law enforcement practices and human rights concerns, particularly regarding the treatment of suspected criminals.
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