Life processes Class 10 Science Biology in One Shot | BYJU'S

BYJU'S - Class 9 & 10・2 minutes read

The class covers life processes like growth, nutrition, reproduction, metabolism, and consciousness for Class 10 students with a focus on Autotrophic and Heterotrophic nutrition modes, emphasizing their importance for living organisms. Additionally, the text delves into core concepts like photosynthesis, respiration, digestion, blood circulation, excretion, and the functioning of key systems in humans and plants, providing a comprehensive overview of essential biological processes.

Insights

The class focuses on life processes, emphasizing growth, nutrition, metabolism, reproduction, and consciousness in living organisms.
Autotrophic organisms like plants produce their food, while heterotrophic organisms rely on others for nutrition, categorized as herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
Photosynthesis is a crucial process where plants convert carbon dioxide to glucose using sunlight and chlorophyll, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
The human digestive system involves various organs working together for ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and ejection of food.
The excretory system eliminates nitrogenous waste like urea, with the kidneys playing a significant role in filtering blood and maintaining bodily functions.

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Recent questions

What are the fundamental characteristics of living organisms?
Growth, nutrition, metabolism, reproduction, consciousness.
How do autotrophic organisms obtain nutrition?
By producing their own food.
What are the different modes of heterotrophic nutrition?
Holozoic, saprophytic, parasitic.
What is the process of photosynthesis in plants?
Conversion of carbon dioxide to glucose using sunlight.
How does the human respiratory system function?
By facilitating gas exchange through alveoli.

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Summary

00:00

"Life Processes: Essential Biology Class Overview"

The class is about life processes, lasting 2-2.5 hours, focusing on the chapter "Life Process" in biology for class 10.
The teacher, Ankita, emphasizes the importance of being prepared with water, textbooks, notebooks, pens, pencils, and snacks for the lengthy class.
The class covers fundamental characteristics of living organisms: growth, nutrition, metabolism, reproduction, and consciousness.
Growth is defined as an irreversible increase in size due to cellular processes.
Nutrition is crucial for providing essential components for biochemical reactions and energy production.
Reproduction is vital for species survival and continuity.
Metabolism involves chemical reactions that convert food into energy.
Consciousness refers to the ability to sense and react to the surroundings.
Life processes are essential for maintaining living organisms and include nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
Autotrophic organisms, like plants, can produce their own food, while heterotrophic organisms rely on others for nutrition.

18:26

Nutrition in Organisms: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Autotrophic nutrition involves organisms like plants, blue-green algae, and special bacteria that convert simple inorganic substances from the environment into food.
Heterotrophs, like animals, depend on other organisms for their food, categorized as herbivores (eat plants), carnivores (eat meat), and omnivores (eat both).
Herbivores eat only plants, carnivores eat only meat, and omnivores consume both plants and meat.
Heterotrophic nutrition includes three modes: holozoic (ingest food, digest internally, absorb nutrients), saprophytic (feed on dead and decaying matter), and parasitic (obtain nutrients from a host).
Holozoic nutrition involves organisms like amoeba and paramecium that ingest food, digest it internally, absorb nutrients, and excrete waste.
Saprophytic nutrition is seen in fungi that feed on dead and decaying matter, like mushrooms.
Parasitic nutrition involves organisms like ticks, lice, and parasitic plants that obtain nutrients from a host organism.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food using carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll, producing glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis involves three steps: absorption of light energy by chlorophyll, conversion of light energy to chemical energy, and reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
The process includes the splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, with oxygen coming from the photolysis of water during photosynthesis in the chloroplast's thylakoids.

36:01

Photosynthesis, Glucose, and Human Nutrition Explained

The process discussed is photosynthesis, involving the conversion of carbon dioxide to glucose using ATP.
ATP is utilized to capture carbon dioxide molecules for glucose formation.
Glucose is produced through reactions, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is crucial: 6 CO2 + 12 H2O in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll yields C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2.
Glucose is stored as starch in plants, followed by further conversion to sucrose for metabolic activities.
Desert plants adapt by opening stomata at night to absorb carbon dioxide and conserve water during the day.
Factors affecting photosynthesis include light, temperature, carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll content, and leaf structure.
The heterotrophic mode of nutrition in humans involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and ejection.
Enzymes, proteins that accelerate metabolic reactions, play a vital role in digestion, starting in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down carbohydrates.
The buccal cavity, comprising teeth, tongue, and salivary glands, initiates digestion by grinding and mixing food with saliva.

54:35

Digestive System: From Mouth to Anus

In the buccal cavity, the key components are teeth for cutting, grinding, and chopping food, the tongue for mixing food with saliva, and saliva containing the enzyme salivary amylase for carbohydrate breakdown.
The esophagus, a long tube, transports the bolus (food mixed with saliva) to the stomach, with peristalsis aiding in its movement through wave-like contractions.
In the stomach, three crucial gastric juices are present: HCL, pepsin, and mucus. HCL aids in killing germs and activating pepsinogen to pepsin, which breaks down proteins. Mucus protects the stomach lining from HCL's harmful effects.
Before entering the small intestine, the liver secretes bile to make the acidic food alkaline and emulsify fat molecules into smaller droplets for easier digestion by enzymes.
The pancreas releases lipase, trypsin, and pancreatic amylase enzymes in the small intestine to break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into simpler molecules for absorption.
The small intestine, comprising the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, is where complete food digestion occurs, aided by villi that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
In the large intestine, undigested food from the small intestine moves, water is absorbed, mucus is added for lubrication, and feces are solidified before being stored and eventually eliminated through the anus by the anal sphincter's regulation.
The appendix, a vestigial organ in humans, stores bacteria aiding in cellulose digestion in herbivores but has limited function in humans due to their diet.
The color and consistency of stools vary based on diet and water content, with green, yellow, black stools being common.
Bile salts function to make food alkaline, emulsify fat molecules, increase intestinal absorption, and aid in digestion.

01:13:19

"Nutrition, Respiration, and Cellular Energy Production"

Emulsification plays a crucial role in breaking down fat molecules into small droplets for enzyme action and converting acidic food to alkaline.
Herbivores have longer small intestines than carnivores due to the need for more time to digest cellulose in plants.
Transitioning from nutrition to respiration, the pace needs to increase to finish within two hours.
Respiration involves breaking down food in cells to release energy, known as cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration occurs in all living organisms, involving glucose breakdown to produce energy.
Two main types of respiration are aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen).
Glucose is broken down to pyruvate in cellular respiration, with oxygen present in mitochondria for ATP production.
Lack of oxygen leads to pyruvate converting to lactic acid in muscle cells, causing muscle cramps.
In anaerobic respiration, ethanol, CO2, and ATP are produced in the absence of oxygen.
The human respiratory system includes the upper respiratory tract, nasal chamber, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

01:31:50

Respiratory System: Branching, Alveoli, Gas Exchange, ATP

Branching in the respiratory system leads to the formation of bronchi, with two different sizes for each lung.
The lungs contain bronchi and bronchioles, with the latter leading to smaller sac-like structures called alveoli.
Alveoli resemble a bunch of grapes and are crucial for gas exchange in the body.
Gas exchange in the alveoli occurs through diffusion, with oxygen moving from the alveoli to the blood vessels and carbon dioxide moving in the opposite direction.
The thin cell membrane of the alveoli facilitates the exchange of gases through diffusion.
Energy production in the body involves the breakdown of glucose molecules in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, leading to ATP formation.
The normal respiratory rate for adults at rest is 12 to 18 breaths per minute.
The human respiratory system involves the nostrils, nasal chamber, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Plants respire similarly to humans, taking up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
Different animals have varied respiratory systems, with aquatic organisms having a higher breathing rate due to lower oxygen levels in water.

01:54:03

"Blood Circulation: Heart, Vessels, Platelets, Valves"

Platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting by forming a mesh-like structure that prevents the movement of red blood cells.
Blood consists of various components, including plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, characterized by thick walls and high pressure.
Veins transport deoxygenated blood towards the heart, featuring thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.
Capillaries are thin structures that facilitate gas exchange in tissues, carrying blood to various body parts.
Deoxygenated blood in veins appears blue due to its low oxygen and high carbon dioxide content.
The heart has four chambers - left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, and right ventricle - ensuring no mixing of blood.
Ventricles have thick muscular walls to pump blood, while atriums have thinner walls for blood filling.
Blood vessels like the superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and aorta play vital roles in blood circulation.
Valves like bicuspid, tricuspid, and semilunar prevent backflow of blood in the heart, aiding in efficient circulation.

02:13:10

Heart Function and Circulatory System Overview

Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart, allowing blood to flow into the heart chambers.
During relaxation, blood flows into the atrium, followed by atrial contraction moving blood to the ventricles.
Ventricles remain relaxed while receiving blood, then contract to push blood to the aorta and pulmonary artery.
The cardiac cycle involves blood moving from atria to ventricles and then to different body parts.
Double circulation involves oxygen-rich blood moving from the lungs to the body and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs.
Different organisms have varying heart chambers due to evolutionary processes.
Cold-blooded animals can tolerate blood mixing, unlike warm-blooded mammals and birds.
Arteries have thick walls to handle high blood pressure, while veins have thin walls to prevent backflow.
Blood pressure is the force exerted on vessel walls by blood flow, measured with a sphygmomanometer.
The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance, immunity, and fat absorption in the body.

02:30:58

Transport Systems in Plants and Excretion Process

Xylem carries water and minerals from roots to shoots in a unidirectional flow, while phloem carries food in both directions.
Xylem components include tracheids, vessels, parenchyma, and fibers, facilitating the unidirectional flow of water and minerals.
Root pressure aids in the movement of water through osmosis in root hairs, creating turgidity and pushing water into the xylem.
Transpirational pull, caused by water vapor loss from leaves, helps pull water molecules up through the xylem.
Phloem consists of sieve tubes, parenchyma, and fibers, facilitating the bi-directional movement of food.
ATP energy is utilized in the translocation process of moving food molecules from companion cells to sieve tubes in the phloem.
Excretion involves the removal of nitrogenous waste, such as urea, from the body through the excretory system.
Ammonia, a highly toxic nitrogenous waste, is converted to urea in the liver for excretion.
The excretory system includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, renal vein, and renal artery.
Nephrons, the structural and functional units of the kidneys, play a crucial role in filtering blood and maintaining bodily functions.

02:47:35

Kidney filtration and excretion in organisms

Glomerulus filters blood, allowing small molecules like glucose and sodium to pass through.
Glomerulus acts like a sieve, preventing larger molecules like proteins from passing through.
Filtration occurs in the glomerulus, separating important compounds like salt, glucose, and ammonia.
Tubules, including proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct, facilitate the movement of filtered substances.
Reabsorption in tubules ensures important substances like salt and glucose are retained by the body.
Secretion process eliminates unimportant substances, directing them to the collecting duct.
Kidneys play a vital role in the excretory system, filtering blood and maintaining essential substances.
Dialysis is a process where blood is filtered externally to remove harmful waste when kidneys are impaired.
Plants excrete excess salt through root hairs, release gases through stomata, and shed leaves to conserve water and energy.

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