LoginGet started

Вся история России для ЕГЭ в одном видео

Историка・172 minutes read

Vlad's nearly 10-hour YouTube video is designed to provide a detailed historical foundation for students preparing for the Unified State Exam, covering ancient Russian history from Kievan Rus through the formation of the Moscow state and key figures such as Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. The video aims to present important events and shifts in governance, culture, and military conflicts, underscoring Russia's evolution and the significance of its rulers across centuries.

Insights

  • Vlad's ambitious project to create the longest YouTube video, lasting nearly 10 hours, aims to provide a rich historical resource for students preparing for the Unified State Exam, emphasizing the importance of early learning in history.
  • The narrative of the video begins with the formation of Kievan Rus in 862 AD, highlighting the unification of Slavic tribes under Rurik, which marks the foundation of Russian statehood and historical identity.
  • Olga, after avenging her husband Igor's death, not only implemented tribute reforms but also converted to Christianity, signifying a major cultural transformation for Kievan Rus and its alignment with Byzantine practices.
  • Yaroslav the Wise's introduction of the first written code of laws, known as the Russian Truth, replaced violent blood feuds with fines, laying the groundwork for a more structured legal system and social hierarchy in ancient Rus.
  • The text illustrates the evolution of governance in Novgorod, where the expulsion of the prince led to the establishment of a boyar-led government and the veche system, reflecting a shift towards local self-governance.
  • The Mongol-Tatar yoke, often misunderstood, actually involved a tribute system that provided some protection to Russian lands, while also leading to the appointment of a Grand Prince of Vladimir, consolidating power among princes.
  • Ivan III's reign marked the end of the Tatar-Mongol dominance, as he expanded Moscow's territory and established it as the center of power, symbolized by the marriage to Sophia Paleologus and the adoption of imperial symbols.
  • The establishment of the Romanov dynasty in 1613 following the Time of Troubles represented a significant shift in Russian leadership, focusing on stabilizing the nation and negotiating peace with neighboring powers.
  • The Salt Riot of 1648 and the Copper Riot of 1662 highlight the social unrest in Russia due to economic hardships, showcasing the people's response to rising prices and government policies during Alexey Mikhailovich's reign.
  • Peter the Great's reforms, including the establishment of the Senate and the transition to a standing army, fundamentally transformed Russian governance and military organization, paving the way for Russia's emergence as a significant European power.

Get key ideas from YouTube videos. It’s free

Recent questions

  • What is the meaning of history?

    History is the study of past events, particularly in human affairs. It encompasses the analysis of significant occurrences, cultural developments, and the evolution of societies over time. Historians utilize various sources, including documents, artifacts, and oral traditions, to reconstruct and interpret past events. Understanding history is crucial as it provides insights into how past actions and decisions shape current societies and inform future choices. By studying history, individuals can learn from previous successes and failures, fostering a deeper appreciation for cultural heritage and the complexities of human behavior.

  • How can I improve my study habits?

    Improving study habits involves adopting effective strategies that enhance learning and retention. Start by creating a dedicated study space free from distractions, which can help you focus better. Establish a consistent study schedule, breaking your study sessions into manageable chunks with regular breaks to avoid burnout. Utilize active learning techniques, such as summarizing information in your own words, teaching concepts to others, or using flashcards for memorization. Setting specific goals for each study session can also keep you motivated and on track. Finally, reflect on your progress and adjust your methods as needed to find what works best for you.

  • What are the benefits of reading books?

    Reading books offers numerous benefits that contribute to personal and intellectual growth. It enhances vocabulary and language skills, allowing readers to express themselves more effectively. Engaging with diverse narratives and perspectives fosters empathy and understanding of different cultures and experiences. Reading also stimulates the mind, improving focus and concentration while reducing stress levels. Additionally, it can serve as a source of inspiration and creativity, sparking new ideas and insights. Overall, regular reading cultivates critical thinking skills and broadens knowledge, making it an essential activity for lifelong learning.

  • What is the purpose of education?

    The purpose of education is multifaceted, aiming to equip individuals with knowledge, skills, and values necessary for personal and societal development. Education fosters critical thinking, enabling students to analyze information and make informed decisions. It promotes social cohesion by instilling shared values and cultural understanding, preparing individuals to participate actively in their communities. Furthermore, education enhances economic opportunities by providing the skills needed for various careers, contributing to personal and national prosperity. Ultimately, education empowers individuals to reach their full potential, fostering a more informed, engaged, and equitable society.

  • How do I stay motivated to exercise?

    Staying motivated to exercise can be achieved through several strategies that make physical activity enjoyable and rewarding. Setting clear, achievable goals helps create a sense of purpose and direction in your fitness journey. Finding an exercise routine that you genuinely enjoy, whether it's dancing, hiking, or team sports, can make workouts feel less like a chore. Additionally, tracking your progress and celebrating small victories can boost motivation and reinforce positive habits. Joining a workout group or finding a workout buddy can provide social support and accountability, making it easier to stay committed. Lastly, incorporating variety into your routine can keep things fresh and exciting, preventing boredom and burnout.

Related videos

Summary

00:00

Epic YouTube Video on Russian History

  • Vlad conceived the idea of creating the longest YouTube video, aiming to cover extensive historical content in a single, continuous format lasting nearly 10 hours.
  • The video is intended for students preparing for the Unified State Exam, providing a comprehensive foundation for learning history, ideally watched one to two years before the exam.
  • The historical narrative begins with Kievan Rus in 862 AD, when various Slavic tribes united under the leadership of Rurik, the first prince, marking the start of the Rus' state.
  • Rurik ruled from 862 to 879 AD, and after his death, Oleg, a relative, took power, ruling from 879 to 912 AD, uniting Kyiv and Novgorod.
  • Oleg conducted two successful military campaigns against Byzantium in 907 and 911 AD, establishing trade agreements that allowed Russian traders duty-free access to Byzantine territories.
  • Igor, Rurik's son, ruled from 912 to 945 AD, attempting to replicate Oleg's success with a campaign against Byzantium in 941 AD, which ended in failure due to Greek fire.
  • Igor's second campaign in 944 AD was more successful but less significant, leading to his death during a tribute collection from the Drevlians, who executed him brutally.
  • Olga, Igor's wife, took power after his death, avenging him by burning the Drevlians' capital and implementing tribute reforms, establishing clear tribute collection methods.
  • Olga converted to Christianity during her visit to Byzantium, where she befriended the local ruler, marking a significant cultural shift for Kievan Rus.
  • The video aims to provide a detailed yet accessible historical account, encouraging viewers to learn and memorize key events and figures in ancient Russian history.

15:31

Svyatoslav's Military Reign and Legacy

  • Svyatoslav Igorevich ruled from 864 to 972, known for his military campaigns rather than cultural development, focusing on defeating enemies like the Khazars and Volga Bulgarians.
  • His successful campaign against the Volga Bulgaria involved territories in modern-day Tatarstan, Kazan, and Astrakhan, which were less developed due to colder climates.
  • The pivotal defeat of the Khazar Khaganate in 965 marked a significant achievement in Svyatoslav's foreign policy, with key cities being Itil and Sarkel.
  • Svyatoslav's third campaign to Bulgaria was less successful, facing stronger resistance from the Byzantines, leading to his eventual ambush by the Pechenegs in 972.
  • Despite pressure from his mother Olga to convert to Christianity, Svyatoslav remained a pagan, valuing his warrior identity over religious conversion.
  • He aimed to relocate the capital closer to the sea for better trade and naval strength, but this plan was not realized during his reign.
  • Vladimir I, also known as Saint Vladimir, succeeded Svyatoslav and initiated significant reforms, including the baptism of Rus' in 988, transitioning from paganism to Christianity.
  • The baptism aimed to unify the diverse pagan beliefs under Christianity, enhancing diplomatic relations with Byzantium and establishing a more cohesive state.
  • Yaroslav the Wise, ruling from 1019 to 1054, introduced dynastic marriages and established the first written code of laws, known as the Russian Truth.
  • The Russian Truth replaced blood feuds with fines for murder, formalizing legal processes and establishing a structured societal hierarchy, including serfdom and slavery.

31:22

Succession and Power in Ancient Rus

  • The text discusses the succession of power in ancient Rus', emphasizing the importance of seniority and the concept of a "ladder" to prevent civil strife among princes.
  • Yaroslav the Wise divided his land among his three sons, establishing a system intended to reduce conflict over the throne, leading to the Yaroslavich period.
  • The Yaroslavichs faced battles against the Cumans, a nomadic group that replaced the Pechenegs, marking significant military conflicts during this era.
  • In 1097, Vladimir Monomakh convened a congress of princes to address issues, establishing that each prince would maintain their father's lands, shifting from previous succession practices.
  • Monomakh's campaign against the Polovtsians in 1111 was notable, as he led a crusade-like effort against them, showcasing the unique military dynamics of the time.
  • After Monomakh's death in 1113, his son, Svyatopolk, faced the onset of feudal fragmentation, leading to the division of Rus' into multiple principalities.
  • The Vladimir-Suzdal principality emerged as a powerful entity, with significant population migration from Kyiv due to internecine wars, strengthening its princely authority.
  • Key figures in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality included Yuri Dolgorukiy, who captured Kyiv in the mid-12th century, and Andrey Bogolyubsky, who moved the capital to Vladimir.
  • Novgorod experienced a unique political shift in 1136, where the prince was expelled, leading to a boyar-led government and the establishment of a veche system for local governance.
  • The Novgorod veche consisted of 300 boyars, with elected officials like the mayor and thousand, who managed taxes and militia, reflecting a significant change in governance structure.

47:44

Novgorod and the Rise of Mongol Power

  • Novgorod's governance includes officials, a militia, and the archbishop, who is chosen by the local clergy and holds significant power, often independent from the Metropolitan of Novgorod.
  • The Galician-Volyn principality formed from the union of two separate principalities, Galician and Volynian, with Daniil Galitsky playing a prominent role in the 13th century.
  • Igor Svyatoslavich, a prince from Novgorod-Seversky, led a campaign against the Polovtsians in 1185, which is distinct from other historical figures named Igor.
  • Igor's wife, Yaroslav, warned him against the campaign, foreshadowing his eventual defeat and capture, which became a central theme in the literary work "The Tale of Igor's Campaign."
  • The Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 involved Russians and Cumans fighting against the Mongol-Tatars, marking one of the bloodiest battles in Russian history.
  • The Mongol-Tatar yoke began after Batu Khan's campaigns from 1237 to 1240, targeting the Ryazan principality first, leading to significant destruction.
  • The first city attacked by Batu Khan was Ryazan, which fell in winter 1238, showcasing the Mongols' capability to conduct military operations in harsh conditions.
  • Kozelsk resisted the Mongol invasion for seven weeks, earning the nickname "evil city" for its fierce defense despite being a small settlement.
  • Alexander Nevsky, originally Alexander Yaroslavovich, became notable for his leadership in battles against Western European forces, including the Battle of the Neva in 1240.
  • The Battle of Lake Peipus followed shortly after the Neva battle, solidifying Alexander Nevsky's reputation as a key figure in defending Novgorod against external threats.

01:04:20

Rise of Moscow Through Strategic Leadership

  • Alexander Nevsky faced the Livonian Knights, a group of crusaders, aiming to capture Rus' during a campaign, leading to a significant battle on the ice of Lake Peipus.
  • The school textbook describes how the crusaders fell through the ice, showcasing Nevsky's strategic command, which allowed him to defeat the invaders effectively.
  • The Mongol-Tatar yoke is often misrepresented; in reality, Russians paid tribute to the Tatars, which provided some benefits, including protection against European invasions.
  • The tribute system allowed for the unification of Russian lands, as the Tatars appointed a Grand Prince of Vladimir, who held authority over other princes.
  • The term "appanage prince" refers to lesser princes under the Grand Prince, a crucial concept in understanding the political structure of Kievan Rus' and later Moscow.
  • Moscow's geographical position, established by Yuri Dolgoruky, facilitated trade and economic growth, contributing to its rise as a center of power.
  • Daniil Alexandrovich, son of Alexander Nevsky, is recognized as the founder of the Moscow princely dynasty, despite Yuri Dolgoruky founding the city itself.
  • Ivan Danilovich Kalita, son of Daniil, became significant for suppressing the Tver uprising and gaining the right to collect tribute, enriching Moscow.
  • Dmitry Donskoy, reigning from 1359 to 1389, constructed the white stone Kremlin, a fortified center that symbolized Moscow's growing power and influence.
  • Donskoy's military campaigns included notable battles, such as the 1377 defeat due to drunkenness and the 1378 victory against a small Tatar detachment, marking a turning point in Russian resistance.

01:20:20

Kulikovo Battle: Turning Point for Moscow

  • The Battle of Kulikovo, fought in 1380, marked a significant Russian victory over the Tatars, establishing Moscow's role as a unifier of Russian lands.
  • Key figures in the battle included Dmitry Donskoy, the Russian commander, and Mamai, the Tatar-Mongol leader, who was a temnik, not a khan.
  • The duel between Russian hero Peresvet and Tatar hero Chelubey was pivotal; both died, leading to a broader battle engagement shortly after.
  • Notable absentees from the battle were Lithuanian prince Gaila and Oleg Ryazansky, the latter being a Ryazan prince who supported the Russian cause.
  • Sergius of Radonezh, a religious figure, blessed the Russian forces and was instrumental in rallying support for the battle.
  • The battle's aftermath saw Moscow paying tribute to the Mongols for several years, despite the initial victory.
  • In 1382, Khan Tokhtamysh led a raid that resulted in the burning of Moscow, reinstating Mongol tribute collection.
  • Vasily I succeeded Dmitry Donskoy, facing challenges from Khan Edigei and participating in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.
  • Vasily II, known as "Dark," faced an internecine war in the 15th century, ultimately establishing a direct order of succession after defeating Dmitry Shemyaka and Vasily Kosoy.
  • Ivan III, reigning from 1462 to 1505, ended the Tatar-Mongol yoke in 1480 and expanded Moscow's territory, notably annexing Novgorod in 1478 and Tver in 1485.

01:37:15

Evolution of Russian Land Ownership and Power

  • Peasants could historically change landowners freely, but now can only do so on St. George’s Day, which occurs two days before the holiday and two weeks after autumn's end.
  • Transitioning to a new landowner requires a payment, considered a significant step, and future Christian laws may prohibit such movements entirely, reflecting landowners' strictness.
  • Ivan III became the sovereign of all Rus', marking a crucial stage in the formation of the Russian state, with his wife Sophia Paleologus, the last Byzantine princess.
  • Sophia brought symbols of power, including a scepter and orb, representing the ruler's authority over land, with the double-headed eagle as the state emblem.
  • Vasily III ruled from 1505 to 1533, annexing Smolensk, Pskov, and Ryazan, and is associated with the legendary Monomakh's Cap, symbolizing unity in Rus'.
  • The Moscow theory of the "Third Rome" emerged, claiming Moscow as the successor to Rome and Constantinople, asserting its sacred status and permanence.
  • After Vasily III's death, his wife Elena Glinskaya became regent, implementing a monetary reform to establish a single currency unit, the penny.
  • Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, ruled from 1533 to 1584, becoming the first Russian Tsar in 1547 at age 17, facing challenges due to his youth.
  • Ivan IV's council, known as the "favorites," included key figures like Sylvester, Metropolitan Makarius, Alexey Adashev, and Andrey Kurbsky, who influenced his policies.
  • The first Zemsky Sobor was convened in 1549, serving as a representative body for various classes to discuss state issues, alongside reforms like the creation of the Streltsy army.

01:53:58

Ivan the Terrible and His Reforms

  • Zemstvo reforms, initiated by Alexander II, should not be confused with the labial reforms; they aimed to address local governance and administration issues in Russia.
  • The elected council emerged during the zemstvo reforms, which were influenced by earlier orders established under Ivan III, although their implementation was limited at that time.
  • Significant territorial expansions occurred in 1552 with the annexation of Kazan and in 1556 with the annexation of Astrakhan, both part of the former Golden Horde.
  • Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, established the oprichnina from 1565 to 1572, a period marked by his consolidation of power and conflict with the boyars.
  • The oprichnina was characterized by Ivan seizing land from boyars, creating a personal domain that allowed him to exert direct control over the populace.
  • Ivan's personal army, the oprichniki, were notorious for their brutality, led by Malyuta Skuratov, and were responsible for widespread violence against the boyars.
  • The defeat of Novgorod in 1570 was a significant event, where Ivan personally led the destruction of the city, leading to long-lasting resentment among its inhabitants.
  • The Livonian War (1557-1583) began with initial successes but ended in failure, resulting in the loss of access to the Baltic Sea and significant territorial concessions.
  • Economic turmoil ensued due to the oprichnina and military failures, prompting Ivan to implement restrictive measures on peasant mobility to maintain labor on his lands.
  • After Ivan's death, his son Fyodor Ivanovich ascended the throne, facing challenges due to perceived health issues and the inability to produce heirs, leading to instability in succession.

02:09:53

Russia's Turbulent Transition to the Romanovs

  • Fedor Ivanovich ascended to power in 1583 after his father's death, ruling until 1598, during which the patriarchate was established, marking a significant religious development in Russia.
  • The patriarchate was initially based in Constantinople, but after its fall, Russia established its own patriarch, leading to the election of the first patriarch in its history.
  • The introduction of "lesson years" aimed to curb peasant flight, initially setting a five-year deadline for investigations into runaway peasants, which later extended significantly.
  • Dmitry, the last son of Ivan IV, died under mysterious circumstances in Uglich at age six, leading to the official interruption of the Rurikovich dynasty.
  • Following Dmitry's death, the Romanovs, distant relatives of the Rurikovichs, began to rise in prominence, with Boris Godunov becoming a key figure during Fedor Ivanovich's reign.
  • The Time of Troubles is generally accepted to have occurred from 1598 to 1613, beginning with Boris Godunov's rule, marking a period of instability in Russia.
  • Boris Godunov was elected as ruler by the Zemsky Sobor, representing a significant shift as he was not a Rurikovich, ruling from 1598 to 1605.
  • The Cotton Rebellion in 1603 arose from severe famine and unrest, with peasants demanding tax relief amid a climate crisis and widespread plague.
  • Grigory Otrepiev, a fugitive monk, claimed to be the resurrected Dmitry, gaining support from the Polish king and marrying Marina Mnishek, but was overthrown in 1606.
  • Vasily Shuisky succeeded Boris Godunov, ruling from 1606 to 1610, promising not to limit the rights of the boyars, which was a significant political maneuver during his accession.

02:25:55

Rise and Fall of the Romanov Dynasty

  • In 1608, False Dmitry II emerged, and Skopin-Shuisky aimed to defeat him, seeking Swedish assistance against Polish forces in exchange for support against the Poles in Moscow.
  • By 1609, the Polish King Sigismund III began a prolonged siege of Smolensk, which resisted for several years despite the Polish efforts to capture the city.
  • In 1610, the boyars overthrew Tsar Shuisky, leading to a temporary council of seven boyars governing Russia until a new ruler could be chosen.
  • The boyars invited Vladislav, Sigismund III's son, to the throne, hoping to end the war with Poland, contingent on his conversion to Orthodoxy, which ultimately failed.
  • Polish forces entered Moscow, leading to widespread unrest and uprisings across the country as the boyars struggled to maintain control amid foreign intervention.
  • The first militia formed in 1611, led by Lyapunov and Trubetskoy, aimed to expel the Poles but failed to liberate Moscow from foreign occupation.
  • A second militia, led by Minin and Pozharsky, successfully expelled the Polish interventionists from Moscow in 1612, paving the way for new leadership elections.
  • The Zemsky Sobor convened in 1613, resulting in the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, marking the beginning of the Romanov dynasty after the turmoil of the previous years.
  • Mikhail Fedorovich's reign (1613-1645) focused on stabilizing the nation, negotiating peace with Sweden and Poland, and establishing a standing army and manufactories.
  • The Smolensk War occurred during Mikhail's reign, culminating in the 1634 Polyanovsky truce, which confirmed Vladislav's abdication from the Russian throne without recovering Smolensk.

02:42:01

Russian Turmoil and Rebellion in the 17th Century

  • Mikhail Fedorovich feared being overthrown after the failed capture of Smolensk, leading him to execute a scapegoat to avoid blame for the unsuccessful war.
  • The period from 1637 to 1641 saw tensions with the Cossacks, culminating in conflicts over territorial control, particularly regarding Azov.
  • Alexey Mikhailovich, son of Mikhail Fedorovich, ruled from 1645 to 1676, earning the nickname "the Quietest" for his soft demeanor despite overseeing many executions.
  • His reign was marked by the "rebellious age," characterized by numerous uprisings, including the Salt Riot of 1648, driven by skyrocketing salt prices.
  • The Salt Riot arose due to salt's rarity and high prices, leading to widespread hunger and public unrest as people could not afford this essential resource.
  • The Copper Riot of 1662 occurred when the government replaced silver currency with copper, causing rapid devaluation and widespread poverty among the populace.
  • Alexey Mikhailovich promised reforms during the riots, including a new set of laws, but ultimately suppressed the uprisings with military force.
  • The Cathedral Code of 1649 was adopted at the Zemsky Sobor, replacing outdated laws and entrenching serfdom, binding peasants to landowners.
  • The church schism led by Patriarch Nikon aimed to reform Orthodox practices, resulting in a split between Nikon's followers and the Old Believers led by Archpriest Avvakum.
  • Stepan Razin's uprising involved Cossacks and was significant for its maritime campaigns, with key cities of conflict including Astrakhan, Simbirsk, and Tsaritsyn (modern Volgograd).

02:59:25

Historical Significance of Key Russian Cities

  • The text discusses the significance of three cities: Astrakhan, Simbirsk, and Tsaritsyn, in relation to historical uprisings, particularly Pugachev's uprising against serfdom.
  • The Pereyaslavl Rada in 1654 marked Ukraine's decision to join Russia, with the city of Pereyaslav located near Kyiv in Chernigov, Ukraine.
  • The Zemsky Sobor, held in the same year, confirmed Ukraine's incorporation into Russia, leading to conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
  • The Andrusovo Truce concluded the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the return of Smolensk and the division of Ukraine along the Dnieper River.
  • The text highlights the first official use of the term "Russia" during the Pereyaslavl Rada, indicating a shift in national identity.
  • Fedor Alekseevich ruled from 1676 to 1682, implementing significant reforms, including the abolition of localism, allowing merit-based advancement in the military and government.
  • The Chigirinsky campaign against Turkey during Fedor's reign led to the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty, recognizing Russian territorial gains.
  • After Fedor's death, a Streltsy riot led to Sofya Alekseevna becoming regent, ruling alongside her half-brothers, Peter and Ivan.
  • Peter the Great, born in Preobrazhenskoe, initiated military campaigns, including two Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696, ultimately annexing Azov.
  • Peter's Grand Embassy aimed to secure European allies against Turkey, during which he also modernized the Russian navy by collaborating with foreign shipbuilders.

03:15:07

Peter the Great's Rise and Reforms in Russia

  • A historical figure sought allies during the Great Embassy in Europe but struggled against Türkiye, while Russia allied with the Northern Union against Poland.
  • The Great Embassy allowed the figure to learn shipbuilding and European values, preparing for future military leadership against Sweden and seeking access to the Black Sea.
  • The Streltsy riot occurred when Sophia attempted to seize power, prompting Peter to return to Russia to assert his rule and prevent further unrest.
  • Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg in 1703 after capturing land from Sweden, intending it as a European-style capital and military port.
  • The Northern War (1700-1721) began with Russia's initial defeat at the Battle of Narva, leading to significant losses and a shortage of iron supplies.
  • Key battles included the Battle of Poltava in 1709, where Peter commanded Russian forces, resulting in a decisive victory that shifted the war's momentum.
  • The Prut Campaign (1710-1711) involved a conflict with the Turks, leading to the establishment of the Senate to govern during Peter's absence.
  • Russia achieved naval victories in 1714 and 1720, culminating in the Treaty of Nystadt, granting access to the Baltic Sea and establishing a Russian fleet.
  • The Treaty of Nystadt resulted in territorial gains, including Estonia, Livonia, and Ingria, and marked Russia's transition into an empire under Peter the Great.
  • Peter implemented significant reforms in economics, government administration, and military organization, including capitation taxes and the establishment of the Senate and colleges for governance.

03:33:57

Governance and Instability in Early Russia

  • Initially, there were 8 provinces governed by a governor, with the number of provinces expected to increase over time, reflecting a structured territorial governance system.
  • The monarch's manifesto allowed them to choose their heir, which could lead to puppet monarchies and palace coups, impacting the stability of governance.
  • The Holy Synod replaced the patriarchate, centralizing church authority under a governing body, reflecting Peter the Great's desire to control power within the church.
  • In 1705, conscription duties were introduced, transitioning from a noble-recruited army to a standing army composed of common people, serving initially for 25 years.
  • The 1714 manifesto established unified inheritance, allowing only one noble heir to inherit real estate, reducing disputes among multiple heirs and stabilizing noble property rights.
  • The 1722 Table of Ranks linked social status to land ownership, enabling non-inheriting nobles to gain land based on rank, promoting meritocracy within the nobility.
  • Peter the Great died in 1725 without a clear heir, leading to a series of palace coups characterized by short reigns and political instability among rulers.
  • Catherine I ruled from 1725 to 1727, with significant influence from Menshikov, who allegedly mismanaged state finances, leading to accusations of corruption.
  • The Academy of Sciences was established in 1725 under Catherine I, continuing Peter's legacy of promoting education and scientific advancement in Russia.
  • Anna Ioanovna's reign from 1730 to 1740 was marked by the influence of her favorite, Ernst Johann Biron, and the emergence of foreign dominance in Russian politics.

03:51:14

Elizaveta Petrovna's Trade Reforms and Rule

  • Elizaveta Petrovna ruled from 1741 to 1761, abolishing internal customs duties to promote trade, a significant reform following the palace coup after Ivan Antonovich's reign.
Channel avatarChannel avatarChannel avatarChannel avatarChannel avatar

Try it yourself — It’s free.