Indefinite Integral - Basic Integration Rules, Problems, Formulas, Trig Functions, Calculus

The Organic Chemistry Tutor2 minutes read

The antiderivatives of various functions, such as the integral of x squared or cube root of x to the fourth, follow specific patterns and rules that yield simplified results by integrating variable powers or trigonometric functions using techniques like u-substitution or integration by parts. Understanding these integral rules and methods allows for the efficient calculation of antiderivatives for various types of functions, simplifying complex expressions to concise forms.

Insights

  • The process of finding antiderivatives involves adding a variable to a constant, as seen in examples like the integral of pi dy, e dz, and x squared dx, where the result includes the variable being integrated and a constant term.
  • Various integration techniques such as u-substitution, integration by parts, and trigonometric substitution are essential for solving complex integrals, as demonstrated in cases like tan(x), x * cos(x) dx, 4 / (1 + x^2) dx, and √(1 - x^2) dx, showcasing the versatility and power of these methods in calculus.

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Recent questions

  • How do you find the antiderivative of a constant?

    By integrating a constant, the result is the constant times x plus c, where c is the constant of integration. This process involves adding x to the constant value to obtain the antiderivative.

  • What is the antiderivative of e dz?

    The antiderivative of e dz simplifies to e times z plus c. This showcases that when integrating a constant like e, the result involves multiplying the constant by the variable and adding a constant of integration.

  • How do you integrate a variable raised to a constant?

    Integrating a variable raised to a constant, such as x raised to the n, results in x raised to the n plus one divided by n plus one plus c. This pattern demonstrates how to integrate variable powers by increasing the exponent and dividing by the new exponent.

  • What is the antiderivative of x squared dx?

    The antiderivative of x squared dx simplifies to x to the third divided by three plus c. This follows the pattern of integrating variable powers, where the exponent increases by one and is divided by the new exponent.

  • How do you find the integral of √(1 - x^2) dx?

    To solve the integral of √(1 - x^2) dx, use trigonometric substitution by setting x = sin(θ) to simplify the expression to 3θ + c, then replace θ with inverse sin(x) to get 3 * arcsin(x) + c. This method allows for the integration of square root functions involving trigonometric identities.

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Summary

00:00

Integrating Functions: Rules and Examples

  • The integral of 4 dx is 4x plus c, as the antiderivative of a constant involves adding x and a constant value.
  • The antiderivative of pi dy is pi times y plus c, showcasing how adding a variable to a constant yields the antiderivative.
  • For the antiderivative of e dz, the result is e times z plus c, emphasizing that e as a constant simplifies the integration.
  • Integrating a variable raised to a constant, like x raised to the n, results in x raised to the n plus one divided by n plus one plus c.
  • The antiderivative of x squared dx is x to the third divided by three plus c, following the pattern of integrating variable powers.
  • When dealing with expressions like 8x cubed, the antiderivative involves adding one to the exponent and dividing by the result, simplifying to 2x to the fourth.
  • Integrating a polynomial function like x squared minus five x plus six requires integrating each term separately, yielding x to the third divided by three, 5x squared divided by 2, and adding a variable for the constant.
  • The antiderivative of the square root of x is two-thirds square root x cubed plus c, showcasing the process of integrating square root functions.
  • For the cube root of x to the fourth, the antiderivative simplifies to three over seven cube root x to the seventh power plus c, demonstrating the integration of cube root functions.
  • The antiderivative of 3x minus 1 squared dx involves foiling the expression, simplifying to 3x cubed divided by three minus 3x squared divided by two minus 2x plus c.

18:27

Integrals: Techniques and Solutions

  • To find the integral of 5x^u * u^4 * du / 2x, cancel out x and rearrange to get 5/2 ∫ u^4 du, then apply the power rule to get 1/2 * u^5 + c, which simplifies to 1/2 * (x^2 + 3)^5 + c.
  • For the integral of tan(x), use u-substitution by setting u = cos(x) to simplify the expression to -ln(cos(x)), then rearrange to ln(sec(x)) + c.
  • When dealing with x * cos(x) dx, apply integration by parts with u = x and dv = cos(x) dx, leading to the final result of x * sin(x) - cos(x) + c.
  • To solve the integral of 4 / (1 + x^2) dx, use trigonometric substitution by setting x = tan(θ) to simplify the expression to 4θ + c, then replace θ with inverse tan(x) to get 4 * arctan(x) + c.
  • For the integral of √(1 - x^2) dx, use trigonometric substitution by setting x = sin(θ) to simplify the expression to 3θ + c, then replace θ with inverse sin(x) to get 3 * arcsin(x) + c.
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