What is the Human Genome Project?

Study of genetic makeup and DNA differences.

What are the applications of the Human Genome Project?

Healthcare, energy, environment, and genetic preservation.

Managed vast data using information technology.

Around 30,000 genes, with 50 unknown functions.

The Human Genome Project, a 13-year endeavor starting in 1990, aimed to map all DNA in the human genome, requiring genetic engineering techniques and costing around 9 billion US dollars.
Understanding DNA variations among individuals can revolutionize healthcare by improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders, with applications in non-human organisms and various sectors like healthcare, energy, and conservation.

What is the Human Genome Project?
Study of genetic makeup and DNA differences.
What are the applications of the Human Genome Project?
Healthcare, energy, environment, and genetic preservation.
How long did the Human Genome Project last?
13 years, from 1990 to 2003.
What role did Bioinformatics play in the Human Genome Project?
Managed vast data using information technology.
How many genes were identified in the Human Genome Project?
Around 30,000 genes, with 50 unknown functions.

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The topic for today's class is the Human Genome Project, specifically focusing on the molecular basis of it.
Offline classes for this chapter have been halted, and online classes have been arranged instead.
The Human Genome Project aims to study the genetic makeup of individuals and the differences in DNA sequences among members of the same species.
The project involves studying the sequence of all DNA in the human genome, requiring techniques from Genetic Engineering.
The Human Genome Project commenced in 1990 and lasted for 13 years, costing approximately 9 billion US dollars.
The project involved sequencing 3 x 10^9 base pairs, equivalent to 3300 books with 1000 pages each.
Bioinformatics, utilizing information technology in biology, played a crucial role in managing the vast amount of data from the project.
The primary goals of the Human Genome Project include identifying all genes in human DNA, storing this information in databases, and improving tools for data analysis.
The project also aimed to transfer technology to related sectors and address ethical, legal, and social issues arising from the project.
The Human Genome Project is considered a mega project due to its 13-year duration and significant financial investment.

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The Human Genome Project began in 1990 and took 13 years to complete, ending in 2003.
Understanding DNA variations among individuals can revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of numerous disorders affecting humans.
The project allows for studying DNA sequences of non-human organisms and other organelles, expanding biological knowledge.
The Human Genome Project has applications in healthcare, energy production, environmental issues, and preserving genetic information of extinct species.
Two methods, Express Sequence Tags (EST) and Sequence Annotation, were used to study genes that can express themselves and identify coding and non-coding sequences.
DNA sequencing involves isolating DNA, segmenting it into smaller parts, and cloning each segment for easier sequencing.
Amplification of DNA fragments is done using bacteria or yeast hosts and vectors like Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) and Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC).
Sequencing methods developed by Frederick Sanger rely on overlapping regions in DNA fragments and computer-based technologies for accuracy.
The Human Genome Project's final draft was published in 2006, with chromosome 1 being the most sequenced due to its high gene count.
The project's properties include 3,147 million base pairs, an average gene size of 3,000 bases, and the largest gene with 2.4 million bases.

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Average base is 3000, largest gene is Dropin with 2.4 million bases.
Total number of genes after the genome project is around 30,000, previously thought to be 80,000 to 140,000.
50 genes with unknown functions exist, only 2% of genes can produce proteins.
Human genome contains repeated sequences, aiding in evolutionary studies.
Chromosome one has the most genes at approximately 2958, while the minimum is around 230 genes.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) occur at 1.4 million locations in the human genome, aiding in disease association and human history tracing.