How are Proteins Made? - Transcription and Translation Explained #66
Cognito・8 minutes read
Protein synthesis consists of transcription, where a gene is copied into mRNA, and translation, where mRNA is used to create proteins. DNA in the nucleus codes for amino acids, and genes must be transcribed into mRNA for translation into proteins at ribosomes.
Insights
- Transcription is the initial step in protein synthesis where RNA polymerase copies a gene from DNA into mRNA, allowing the genetic information to leave the nucleus for translation at ribosomes.
- Translation, taking place at ribosomes, involves the binding of mRNA and tRNA molecules to create a protein chain by aligning amino acids in the correct sequence according to mRNA codons, ultimately forming functional proteins.
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Recent questions
What are the two main steps in protein synthesis?
Transcription and translation
Where is DNA found in cells?
Nucleus
How does mRNA differ from DNA?
Shorter, single-stranded, contains uracil
What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
Binds to DNA, creates mRNA strand
Where does translation occur in cells?
Ribosomes
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Summary
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Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Process
- Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. Transcription is the process of copying a gene from DNA into mRNA, while translation uses this mRNA to create a protein.
- DNA, containing genes that code for specific amino acids, is found in the nucleus of cells. To produce proteins, genes need to be copied into mRNA, which can leave the nucleus and reach ribosomes for translation.
- mRNA, a copy of a single gene, differs from DNA in being shorter, single-stranded, and containing uracil instead of thymine.
- Transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to DNA, separating the strands, and creating an mRNA strand by matching complementary bases. The DNA template strand guides this process.
- Translation occurs at ribosomes, where mRNA binds along with tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids. The ribosome joins amino acids in the correct order based on mRNA codons until a complete protein chain is formed.
