D & F Block FULL CHAPTER | Class 12th Inorganic Chemistry | Lakshya JEE
Lakshya JEE・2 minutes read
The text covers various aspects of the electron configurations, oxidation states, and properties of transition elements like lanthanides and actinides, emphasizing their colors, magnetic properties, and roles in chemical reactions and catalysis. Key points include the significance of unpaired electrons in determining properties, the color changes due to different electronic transitions, and the impact of oxidation states on reactivity and compound formation in transition elements, particularly lanthanides and actinides.
Insights
- Electrons must be confined within the 3D sub cell in the 3D series.
- Cerium plus 4 is an oxidant in chemistry, showcasing its role in reactions.
- The chapter on Chemistry D&A Block is taught on Laksh JE's YouTube channel, providing accessible educational resources.
- The F block consists of 28 elements, distinguishing it as an inner transition element.
- Lanthanide series consists of 14 elements between Lantham and Half rule, highlighting its unique composition.
- The concept of Lanthanide contraction explains the decrease in atomic sizes of D block elements, affecting their properties.
- Metallic bonding and properties are influenced by unpaired electrons, with elements like chromium having distinct characteristics due to this.
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Recent questions
What is the significance of the Lanthanide series?
The Lanthanide series consists of 14 elements between Lantham and Half rule. These elements are known for their colorful nature due to the presence of f electrons, resulting in vibrant solid and aqueous states. The DD and FF transitions in lanthanides cause color changes, with DD transitions leading to brighter colors. Lanthanides like ytterbium have multiple oxidation states, with some being trivalent. The transition from f0 to f14 is colorless due to the absence of electrons, resembling a DD transition. Lanthanide ions, except f0 and f14 types, are paramagnetic when not fully filled. These elements play a crucial role in producing alloy steels for plates and pipes, with Miss Metal containing approximately 95% lanthanide and 5% iron.
How does the Lanthanide contraction affect elements?
The Lanthanide contraction refers to the decrease in size as you move right in the Lanthanide series. This phenomenon occurs due to the poor shielding effect of F orbital electrons, leading to a significant decrease in the sizes of elements in the D block. The presence of 4f sub cells affects the equalization of atomic sizes in elements, making them smaller as you progress through the series. Elements of the 4d series are almost equal in size to those of the 5d series due to the Lanthanide contraction effect. Group number three is not included in this group, and the Lanthanide contraction effect is particularly significant in explaining the changes in atomic sizes.
What are the properties of interstitial compounds?
Interstitial compounds involve small elements like hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen filling empty spaces in metallic lattices. These compounds have high melting points and are harder than pure metals due to the filled spaces. Borides with trapped boron can be as hard as diamonds due to the hardness of interstitial compounds. Despite their hardness, interstitial compounds retain metallic conductivity and can conduct electricity due to free electrons. They are chemically inert, not reacting with chemicals due to the filled spaces, making them stable and useful in various applications.
How do unpaired electrons influence metallic bonding?
The number of unpaired electrons in metals affects metallic bonding, with more unpaired electrons leading to higher melting and boiling points. Scandium has one unpaired electron, titanium has two, and vanadium has three unpaired electrons, influencing their bonding and physical characteristics. Chromium, with six unpaired electrons, exhibits the highest melting point in the 3D series due to the presence of these unpaired electrons. The energy gap between s and 3d orbitals leads to the evolution of both, resulting in strong interatomic bonding and high melting points in transition elements like chromium.
What are the oxidation states of actinides?
Actinides exhibit a rapid increase in size due to the poor shielding effect of 5f electrons compared to 4f electrons. Actinium commonly shows an oxidation state of +3, similar to lanthanides. Neptunium and plutonium are notable for their various oxidation states, including +3, +4, +5, and +6. Uranium exhibits the highest oxidation state among actinides, reaching up to +6, while neptunium and plutonium show a range of oxidation states up to +6. These elements showcase diverse oxidation states, making them essential in various chemical reactions and applications.
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