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Complete Climatology || Clouds || Fog || Inversion || Winds || Cyclone || Fronts||Albedo.

cds.journey・132 minutes read

The session covers various topics in Climatology for exams like NDA, CAPM, CDS, SSC, and UPSC, emphasizing concepts like Collis Force and cloud formation, with practical examples and quizzes to reinforce learning. Key points include the significance of albedo, greenhouse gases, and cloud impact on heat distribution, along with explanations on fog, dew, frost, and different types of precipitation.

Insights

  • Understanding Collis Force is crucial for comprehending wind direction and ocean currents, influenced by the Earth's rotation.
  • Cloud formation involves air rising, cooling, and condensation, with dew point indicating the temperature for condensation to occur.
  • Albedo, reflecting light from surfaces, plays a vital role in Earth's heat budget, with different cloud types affecting heat distribution.
  • Fog, frost, and dew are forms of water in solid form, influenced by factors like dew point, temperature, and relative humidity, impacting weather patterns.

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Recent questions

  • What is Collis Force?

    The Collis Force is generated by the Earth's rotation, influencing wind direction and ocean currents.

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Summary

00:00

Studying Climatology for Various Exams: Overview

  • The session focuses on studying Climatology for various exams like NDA, CAPM, CDS, SSC, and UPSC.
  • Topics covered include air movement, pressure, climate, rainfall, atmosphere, and albedo.
  • The session delves into Collis Force, clouds, and condensation, explaining their significance in climatology.
  • The instructor emphasizes the importance of understanding evaporation, condensation, and the formation of water vapor.
  • Collis Force is explained as the force generated by the Earth's rotation, affecting wind direction and ocean currents.
  • The session includes a quiz on Collis Force, pressure, and wind deflection in different hemispheres.
  • Cloud formation is discussed in relation to air rising, cooling, and condensation.
  • The concept of dew point, the temperature at which condensation occurs, is highlighted.
  • The instructor encourages active participation and quizzes to reinforce learning.
  • The session concludes with a reminder of upcoming classes, mock tests, and the importance of practice for exam preparation.

12:57

Cloud Formation and Classification in the Atmosphere

  • Dew point increase leads to condensation, forming tiny water vapor droplets that are too small for rain or snow.
  • These small droplets remain suspended in the cloud, unable to fall as precipitation.
  • Cloud formation occurs when water vapor condenses into liquid droplets, too small to precipitate.
  • Cloud cover is expressed in fractions, with 4/8 indicating 50% cloud cover and 8/8 representing 100% cloud cover.
  • Cloud classification includes high clouds like cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus, occurring at altitudes of 20,000 to 40,000 feet.
  • Medium clouds, such as altocumulus and altostratus, are found at intermediate altitudes.
  • Low clouds, like stratus, stratocumulus, and nimbostratus, are located at lower altitudes, around 7,000 feet.
  • Cloud properties vary, with nimbostratus clouds causing prolonged rain, cumulus clouds resembling cotton wool, and cirrus clouds having feather-like shapes.
  • Cumulonimbus clouds, associated with thunderstorms, have cauliflower-shaped tops and are known as thunder clouds.
  • Lenticular clouds, stationary in the troposphere, are thin, feathery, and horse-tail shaped, often mistaken for clear skies.

27:48

Clouds, Greenhouse Gases, and Heat Budgets Explained

  • Cloud shapes and weather predictions are discussed, with specific mention of fair weather associated with certain cloud formations.
  • Different types of clouds, such as serous clouds, are described in detail, including their appearance and characteristics.
  • The concept of altitude in cloud classification is explained, distinguishing between high, medium, and low clouds.
  • Greenhouse gases and their role in trapping heat are outlined, with examples like carbon dioxide and methane provided.
  • The process of incoming radiation from the sun and its reflection back as terrestrial radiation is elucidated.
  • The significance of greenhouse gases in trapping heat and causing global warming is emphasized.
  • The term "albedo" is introduced, referring to the amount of light reflected by a surface.
  • The concept of a heat budget is introduced, focusing on the balance of heat absorbed, trapped, and reflected by the Earth.
  • The interaction between incoming radiation, greenhouse gases, and the Earth's heat absorption is detailed.
  • The importance of understanding these concepts for exams like CSC, CPF, and CDS is highlighted, with practical examples and questions provided for clarity.

41:42

"Albedo and Short Wave Radiation Explained"

  • Short wave radiation and albedo are discussed, focusing on the reflection of light.
  • Short wave solar radiation from the sun is explained as the primary source of energy.
  • The concept of albedo, reflecting the amount of light, is detailed.
  • White objects have higher albedo, reflecting more light, while black objects have lower albedo.
  • The process of short wave radiation being absorbed and reflected is elaborated.
  • The composition of gases in the atmosphere affecting heat absorption is mentioned.
  • The albedo of different planets, with Venus having the highest and Mercury the lowest, is compared.
  • The impact of clouds on albedo, with thick clouds reflecting more light, is highlighted.
  • The distribution of insulation from the sun, with tropics receiving more than poles, is explained.
  • The role of clouds in reflecting light and affecting heat distribution is emphasized.

57:40

Effects of Rainfall, Insolation, Albedo, and Inversion

  • Rainfall on seeds leads to cloud formation, affecting insulation levels.
  • Insolation is higher near the equator and lower at the poles.
  • Albedo is the fraction of light reflected by a surface, with a maximum of 1.
  • Terrestrial Albedo is approximately 0.31, equivalent to 30%.
  • Mercury has a higher albedo than Earth due to its smooth surface.
  • Inversion is a phenomenon where temperature increases with altitude.
  • Conditions for inversion include long cold nights, clear skies, slow air movement, and snow-covered ground.
  • Inversion results in colder temperatures at the surface and warmer temperatures aloft.
  • Clear skies prevent heat trapping, leading to colder temperatures at the surface.
  • Understanding inversion is crucial for regions with snow-covered ground, like the poles.

01:14:43

Forms of Water: Solid, Liquid, Vapor

  • Fog, cloud, mist, frost, snow, and cirrus cloud are all forms of water in solid form.
  • Children are in liquid form, while water vapor converts into liquid in solid form.
  • Condensation occurs when water vapor converts into liquid.
  • Dew forms in ideal conditions of a winter night with a clear sky.
  • Dew is condensation that happens when the temperature decreases at night.
  • High relative humidity leads to more water vapor converting into liquid.
  • Fog forms on the ground, while dew forms above the ground.
  • Frost forms in cold areas where the temperature is below zero.
  • Different types of fog include radiation fog, advection fog, frontal fog, up slope fog, and steam fog.
  • Advection fog forms when hot and cold air masses mix, cooling the air and causing condensation.

01:29:12

Understanding Weather Phenomena and Atmospheric Layers

  • Frostbite can occur when the temperature is below zero, so caution is necessary.
  • Frost forms when the dew point is lower than the freezing point.
  • Dew point must be higher than the freezing point for condensation to occur and form dew.
  • Slope fog forms on mountain slopes, while steam fog forms above water bodies.
  • Advection fog occurs when warm air moves over cooler surfaces.
  • Valley fog forms when moist soil cools down in valleys after rainfall.
  • Condensation forms dew when the dew point is above the freezing point.
  • Frost forms when condensation occurs on a cold surface below freezing point.
  • Inversions like radiation fog occur when warm air rises over cooler air.
  • The atmosphere layers include troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, with varying temperatures and characteristics.

01:44:39

Morning Testing, Relative Density, Humidity, and Wind

  • Testing in the morning is recommended, regardless of humidity levels.
  • The test is scheduled for 7:00.
  • Relative density is discussed, focusing on total capacity and percentage comparisons.
  • Explanation of humidity and water vapor, leading to relative humidity calculations.
  • The relationship between water vapor increase and relative humidity rise is explained.
  • Dew point and its connection to relative humidity are clarified.
  • The impact of temperature on relative humidity is discussed.
  • The concept of air pressure and its effects on wind movement is explained.
  • The formation of low and high pressure areas in warm and cold regions is detailed.
  • The influence of the Coriolis force on wind direction is highlighted, emphasizing the rotation of winds in different hemispheres.

01:59:24

Wind Names and Patterns Around the Globe

  • The river is named after the wind, known as North East Trade Wind or Easter Lees Low.
  • The wind blowing from the south-west is named South West Trade Wind.
  • The wind coming from the West is called Westerlies.
  • The North East Trade Wind meets the South East Trade Wind.
  • The region where they meet is known as the boy zone, receiving heavy rainfall.
  • The low pressure belt along the equator is called Doldrums.
  • High pressure forms around 30 degrees, creating the Horse Latitudes.
  • The winds in the Southern Hemisphere are known as Roerig, with different types like Thunderous West and Stormy Chalisa.
  • Breezes are named based on the direction they come from, like Sea Breeze from the sea to land and Land Breeze from land to sea.
  • The wind that flows from the valley to the mountain is called Valley Breeze or Enab Wind.

02:14:51

Understanding Weather Phenomena for Geography Exam

  • Being on time means one thing for you: Brother, I forgot what you told me.
  • Questions about land breeze and cyclones will be in your exam.
  • Land breeze comes from the ground to our place at night due to high pressure on the ground.
  • Slopes cool at night, causing dense air to descend into the valley, creating valley breeze.
  • Wind velocity in tropical cyclones is higher and destructive.
  • Cyclones have low pressure at the center with high pressure surrounding it.
  • Cyclones move in an anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere.
  • Anticyclones in the Southern Hemisphere move in a clockwise direction.
  • Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal are more frequent due to low pressure and inflow of water.
  • Fronts are boundaries separating different air masses, with warm fronts causing warm air to rise and cold fronts driving cold air away.

02:31:15

Variety of Rainfall Patterns and Types

  • Rainfall decreases steadily from the equator towards the poles, with coastal areas receiving more rainfall from the continent's interior.
  • Different types of precipitation include snowfall, sleet, and hailstorms, each with distinct characteristics and origins.
  • Orographic rainfall occurs when winds bring rain to mountains, resulting in heavy rainfall on the windward side and dry conditions on the leeward side.
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