Cell-The Unit of Life : COMPLETE Chapter in 1 Video || Quick Revision || Class 11th Arjuna NEET

Arjuna NEET・2 minutes read

Cells are the fundamental units of the body, discovered by various scientists throughout history. The Cell Theory established in 1838 details the presence of cells in animals and plants, highlighting their structure and function.

Insights

The cell is the basic unit of the body, forming tissues, organs, and organ systems like the digestive and circulatory systems.
Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus with histone proteins, while prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus and histone proteins.
The endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells includes organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosomes, and vacuoles, facilitating various cellular functions.

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Recent questions

What is the Cell Theory?
The Cell Theory states that cells are the basic unit of life.
What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus.
How do plant cells differ from animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, while animal cells lack these structures.
What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion.
How do cilia and flagella differ in structure and function?
Cilia have paddles and move back and forth, while flagella beat like a snake.

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Summary

00:00

Cell Theory: Fundamental Unit of Life Discovery

The cell is the fundamental unit of the body, consisting of tissues that form organs and organ systems like the digestive and circulatory systems.
Robert Hooke discovered the first cell, a dead cell called cork, which was a plant cell.
Living cells were discovered by Luvin Hook, such as single-cell organisms like Amoeba and Paramecium.
The Cell Theory was established in 1838 by Skeleton and Swan, detailing the presence of cells in animals and plants.
New cells originate from the division of old cells, as reported by Verch in 1852.
Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus with histone proteins, while prokaryotic cells lack histone proteins and a defined nucleus.
The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged with histone proteins, while prokaryotic DNA is naked and not covered by a nuclear membrane.
Prokaryotic cells include blue-green algae and Mycoplasma, with the latter causing pneumonia in cattle.
Bacteria can have different shapes like cocci, bacilli, vibrios, or spirilla, with shapes adapting to their functions.
Prokaryotic cells have a cell envelope consisting of glycocalyx, cell wall, and cell membrane, with the cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

19:49

Cell Structures and Functions in Microbiology

The flagellum on the body has three parts: filament, basal body, and hook.
Prokaryotic cell wall is an extension of the cell membrane, forming the flagellum.
Staining procedures for bacteria are based on Crystal Violet dye, distinguishing between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Prokaryotic flagella are 50 nanometers in size, with 30s and 50s ribosomes.
Sedimentation coefficient determines the settling rate of particles based on size and density.
Polyribosomes form when multiple ribosomes arrange on a single mRNA for protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, and lysosomes.
Eukaryotic cells exhibit compartmentalization with complex structures and cytoskeletal components.
The endomembrane system includes organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
Golgi bodies are flat, disc-like structures arranged in a stack, with distinct cis and trans faces for protein and lipid synthesis and modification.

38:01

Cellular Protein and Lipid Modification Processes

Proteins and lipids move from coated vesicles to two sisters for modification.
Protein and sugar connect to form glycoprotein, while lipid and sugar combine to form glycolipid.
Carbohydrates are added to proteins and lipids, modifying them into glycoproteins and glycolipids.
The process of adding sugar to proteins and lipids is called glycosylation.
Proteins enter secretory vesicles, which then release them as secretary vesicles.
Secretary proteins are those that exit the cell, while non-secretory proteins remain inside.
Lysosomes are formed from Golgi bodies and contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion.
Lysosomes require water to function and are known as acid hydrolases.
The cell membrane consists of lipids and proteins, with integral proteins playing a crucial role.
Carrier proteins aid in active transport, while channel proteins facilitate the passage of water-soluble molecules.

54:32

Plant Cell Structure and Function

Cotton is a type of poly sucre hyde used in children's clothing.
The cell wall of a plant is observed, with the primary wall on the inside and the secondary wall on the outside.
The primary wall is blue, while the secondary wall is green in color.
As plant cells mature, the primary wall thickens and the secondary wall forms inside.
The primary wall is made of cellulose, while the secondary wall contains cellulose and expensive proteins.
The middle layer between plant cells is composed of calcium pectate and magnesium.
The cell wall, primary wall, and secondary wall together form the plant cell wall.
Vacuoles in plant cells help regulate osmotic pressure and store excess materials.
Mitochondria have inner and outer membranes, with the inner membrane creating cristae for ATP synthesis.
Plastids, like chloroplasts, contain thylakoids that stack to form grana for photosynthesis.

01:09:58

Cellular Structures and Functions in Brief

The space connecting two grana is called stromal lamellae in the stroma, which contains DNA, RNA, and 70s, where carbohydrates and proteins are synthesized.
Photosynthesis involves light and dark reactions, with energy produced in the light reaction and food formed in the dark reaction.
Light reactions occur in the grana, where chlorophyll pigments absorb light to create energy in the form of ATP.
Dark reactions take place in the stroma, synthesizing carbohydrates using the energy from the light reaction.
Cilia and flagella are made of proteins, with cilia being eukaryotic and flagella found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Cilia have paddles and move back and forth, while flagella beat like a snake.
The structure of cilia and flagella is made of microtubules consisting of alpha and beta tubulin proteins.
The microtubules are covered by a cell membrane, forming the structure of cilia and flagella.
The microtubules are arranged in doublets and triplets, with radial spokes made of protein and a central hub.
The centrioles and centrosomes consist of two cylinders, with centrioles having a structure similar to the basal body. The nucleus contains nuclear membranes, nucleoplasm, and a peri-nuclear space, with nuclear pores allowing movement of substances in and out.

01:25:58

"Cell Components and Chromosome Structures Explained"

Nucleoplasm and cytoplasm facilitate bi-directional movement of RNA and protein.
Nuclear membrane fusion leads to the formation of nuclear pores for RNA and protein movement.
Chromatin, consisting of long DNA strands, folds to form chromosomes.
Chromosomes vary in visibility based on condensation levels from chromatin folding.
Nucleolus, lacking a membrane, synthesizes rRNA from chromatin DNA.
Chromosomes have primary and secondary constructions, with centromeres and satellites.
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores on chromosomes for cell division.
Chromosome shapes vary, with meta-centric, acro-centric, and terminal positions.

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