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Buniyaad NCERT Line by D and F Block Elements | Boards | NEET #neet #cbse #cbseboard #neet2024

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The speaker emphasized the completion of the D&F Block Elements chapter from the Buniyaad Series, crucial for board exams, JE, and NEET preparations, highlighting key points and Mnemonics for retention. The D block elements, transition metals, and their properties were discussed, focusing on electron configurations, atomic and ionic sizes, stability, oxidation states, and reactivity trends, stressing the importance of a thorough understanding for competitive exams.

Insights

  • The D&F Block Elements chapter in the Buniyaad Series is vital for board exams, JE, and NEET preparations, with detailed notes provided for retention.
  • Transition elements are defined by incomplete D sub shells in their neutral or ionic states, occupying the middle section of the periodic table.
  • Mnemonics aid in remembering the series of transition elements like 3D, 4D, and 5D, emphasizing the importance of understanding electron configurations for elements like copper and palladium.
  • The properties of transition elements, including metallic characteristics, melting points, and atomic sizes, are influenced by factors like unpaired electrons and interatomic metallic bonding.
  • The relationship between the number of unpaired electrons and melting points of transition metals is highlighted, with a focus on the impact of interatomic metallic bonding and shielding effects.
  • Actinoids consist of 14 elements from Th to Lr, with atomic numbers ranging from 89 to 103, featuring complex electron configurations, oxidation states, and applications in various industries.

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Recent questions

  • What are transition elements?

    Transition elements have incomplete d sub shells.

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Summary

00:00

Mastering D&F Block Elements for Exams

  • The session focuses on completing the D&F Block Elements chapter in the Buniyaad Series.
  • The chapter is crucial for board exams, JE, and NEET preparations.
  • The NCERT book provides essential data for exam questions.
  • Many foreign and Indian authors offer detailed books on D&F Block Elements.
  • The speaker underlined key points in the NCERT chapter for emphasis.
  • Detailed notes will be provided to aid in retention of the chapter's content.
  • Transition elements are defined by incomplete D sub shells in their neutral or ionic states.
  • Zinc, cadmium, and mercury are examples of transition metals due to their incomplete d orbitals.
  • The D block elements occupy the middle section of the periodic table.
  • Mnemonics are recommended for remembering the series of transition elements like 3D, 4D, and 5D.

14:09

Transition Elements: Electron Configurations and Metallic Properties

  • The speaker recalls learning concepts in class 11th and emphasizes the importance of following the teacher's instructions.
  • A mnemonic is shared for remembering the order of filling electron orbitals: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s.
  • Exceptional cases in electron configurations for elements like copper and palladium are discussed, highlighting the importance of understanding these exceptions.
  • The speaker stresses the significance of memorizing specific electron configurations for certain elements to avoid confusion.
  • The importance of understanding the electronic configurations of transition elements is emphasized, particularly the significance of partially filled d orbitals.
  • Transition elements are noted for displaying metallic properties such as high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, and thermal and electrical conductivity.
  • Exceptions in the typical metallic structures of zinc, cadmium, mercury, and manganese at room temperature are highlighted.
  • The speaker discusses the hardness and low volatility of transition metals, attributing these properties to the presence of unpaired electrons and strong metallic bonding.
  • The relationship between the number of unpaired electrons and the melting point of transition metals is explained, emphasizing the role of interatomic metallic bonding.
  • The general properties of transition elements, including their high melting points and metallic bonding characteristics, are reiterated.

28:14

Transition Metal Melting Points and Bonding Trends

  • The melting point of metals rises to a maximum at d5, with manganese and TC values falling regularly as atomic numbers increase.
  • Zinc has a low melting point due to the absence of unpaired electrons, affecting metal-metal bonding.
  • Manganese's dip in melting point is due to its unique solid state structure, with chromium having the highest melting point.
  • The number of unpaired electrons in metal-metal interactions impacts bonding strength.
  • Metals with high enthalpy of atomization tend to have noble reactions.
  • Metals in the second and third series have greater enthalpy of atomization than corresponding series.
  • The effective nuclear charge increases as you move down a series, enhancing metal-metal bonding.
  • The atomic and ionic sizes of transition metals decrease progressively with increasing atomic number.
  • The shield effect of D electrons is not effective, leading to a decrease in ionic radius.
  • The radius of 3D series is smaller than 4D, which is smaller than 5D, with the 4f orbital filling causing a rapid increase in nuclear charge from 4D to 5D.

42:02

Transition Elements: 4f Before 5d Interference

  • Interference of 4f electrons must occur before 5d electrons in elements.
  • Filling 4f before 5d leads to regular decreases in atomic radius, known as length id contraction.
  • The size similarity between 4d and 5d elements is due to length id contraction.
  • Zarco's rule and Heff's rule show similar physical and chemical properties.
  • The second and third series have similar radii due to length id contraction.
  • Ionic radius decreases from 164 to 129 in the given data.
  • Manganese's radius increases due to a solid-state structure.
  • Density increases from titanium to copper, with a significant rise.
  • Zinc's density decreases due to its unique structure and unpaired electrons.
  • Ionization enthalpy increases along transition elements due to nuclear charge and poor shielding.

55:49

Electron Movement in Cobalt's Orbitals and Exchanges

  • Cobalt undergoes a conversion from 3d 7 4s 2 to 3d 74s.
  • The movement of electrons between 3d and 4s orbitals leads to an increase in exchanges.
  • This increase in exchanges results in a rise in exchange energy.
  • A loss of five units of exchange energy is mentioned.
  • The total amount to be paid due to this loss is 15 units.
  • An exception in Ko Ni's case is highlighted regarding energy exchanges.
  • Removal of electrons affects the relative energy of 4s and 3d orbitals.
  • The enthalpy of atomization values for various elements are detailed.
  • The enthalpy of atomization is influenced by the weakening of metal bonds.
  • Transition elements exhibit a variety of oxidation states, with specific examples provided.

01:10:40

Comparing stability and properties of transition metals.

  • Chromium PS6 tables are compared, with dp 6 and m+ 6 being more stable.
  • Chromium Six in the form of die chromate in acidic medium is a strong oxidant.
  • Thermo Chemical Para Meat related to the transformation of solid metal to m2 Pure water standard electrode Potential is discussed.
  • The behavior of Copper in liberating hydrogen from acid is highlighted.
  • The general trend towards negative e values across the series is explained.
  • Atomization energy is detailed, with specific cases for Chromium, Manganese, Copper, and Zinc.
  • Ionization energy and hydration energy are compared for metal conversion.
  • The stability of Scandium 3 and Zinc 2 Ps is linked to noble gas configurations.
  • The comparative values of Nickel and Nadian are discussed in relation to stability.
  • The importance of understanding the D&F Block Elements table in NCERT is emphasized for comprehensive learning.

01:26:26

"Metal Reactivity Trends and Coordination Compounds"

  • Zinc is the first element discussed, with a focus on atomization trends and its position in the NCRT table.
  • Ionization energy is highlighted, with a mention of how it varies for different elements like manganese and zinc.
  • The discussion delves into the ionization energy of manganese and zinc, particularly focusing on manganese 2+ and zinc 2+.
  • The concept of hydration is introduced, with manganese, zinc, and nickel being the elements of focus.
  • Reactivity trends are explored, with negative values indicating a reduction in reactivity.
  • Specific reactivity values are compared, with a detailed analysis of why certain elements exhibit increased reactivity.
  • The text transitions to discussing coordination compounds, emphasizing the importance of studying NCRT for a comprehensive understanding.
  • The oxidation states of various metals, including manganese, titanium, and copper, are detailed, with a focus on stability and reactivity.
  • The stability of copper in different oxidation states is explained, highlighting the role of hydration energy and ionization energy.
  • The text concludes with a discussion on oxides and cations of various metals, emphasizing the role of oxygen in stabilizing high oxidation states.

01:41:46

Understanding Coordination Chemistry and Transition Metals

  • Coordination chemistry will be discussed tomorrow, emphasizing the importance of understanding coordination through practical examples.
  • The reactivity of metals in the first series, except copper, with oxidants like H+ is discussed, highlighting the role of titanium and vanadium.
  • The trend of decreasing tendency to form metal two plus ions across the series is explained based on e values and ionization enthalpy.
  • Manganese, nickel, and zinc exhibit more negative values than expected, deviating from the general trend.
  • The stability of half-filled d5 in manganese 2+ and fully-filled d10 in Zn2+ is linked to negative hydration enthalpy.
  • Manganese 3+ and cobalt 3+ are identified as the strongest oxidants in aqueous solutions, with explanations for their properties.
  • The reducing agents titanium 2+, vanadium 2+, and chromium 2+ are discussed in terms of their oxidation and reduction tendencies.
  • The e values for redox couples M3+ to M2+ are compared, highlighting the properties of manganese 3+ and cobalt 3+.
  • The discussion extends to the behavior of chromium 2+ and Fe3+ as reducing agents, emphasizing their oxidation and reduction tendencies.
  • The importance of studying D&F block elements and coordination compounds in NCERT for competitive exams is emphasized, stressing the need for thorough understanding.

01:55:59

"Colorful Chemistry: Electron Transitions and Properties"

  • Energy is absorbed when excited, transitioning to a state called DD.
  • Transitioning up results in an unpaired electron in an excited state.
  • Returning to the ground state involves absorbing light energy.
  • The absorbed light frequency determines the color observed.
  • Different energy levels absorb different light frequencies.
  • Specific transitions in the visible region result in observed colors.
  • The nature of the transition determines the color absorbed.
  • Memorization techniques for identifying colors based on electron configurations are taught.
  • Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states, influencing catalytic activity.
  • Interstitial compounds form when small atoms are trapped in metal crystal lattices, affecting properties like melting point and conductivity.

02:10:37

Metal Conductivity Affected by Hydrogen Addition

  • Adding hydrogen to metal causes loss of conductivity
  • Chemicals discussed are inert
  • Interstitial compound details not deeply studied
  • Transition metals form alloys due to similar radii and properties
  • Ferrous alloys like chromium, tungsten, and manganese used for steel production
  • Brass contains copper and zinc, bronze has copper and tin
  • Potassium dichromate is crucial in leather industry for azo compounds
  • Chromite fusion with sodium carbonate yields potassium dichromate
  • Sodium dichromate is more soluble than potassium dichromate
  • Dichromate and chromate ions have distinct structures and colors

02:26:43

"KMnO4: A Powerful Oxidant in Textile Production"

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  • Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of mno2
  • Pyro Lucite and Pyro Lucite are involved in the process
  • Alkali metal fuse with hydroxide and oxidants like kno3 produce dark green color of k2 mno4
  • Acidification of k2 mno4 leads to permanganate in neutral and acidic solutions
  • KMnO4 is prepared by alkaline oxidative fusion of mno2 with alkali or oxido air or kno3
  • KMnO4 is used as a favorite oxidant in preparation of silk and other textile fibers, and for decolorization of oils

02:46:48

"Master Bitset and Transition Elements in 51 Minutes"

  • Ask questions periodically during the session
  • Focus on understanding Bitset's concepts
  • Discuss Bitset in detail later
  • Only 51 minutes left for the current topic
  • Start learning about Transition Elements
  • Understand the F Block Elements
  • Actinoids are the 14 elements following Lanthanum
  • Actinoids are complex due to various oxidation states
  • Memorize atomic numbers from 58 to 71
  • Remember the Lassi Garh mnemonic for exceptions in Lanthanoids and Actinoids

03:00:16

Lanthanides, Europium, and Oxidation States Explained

  • The text discusses the oxidation state of various compounds, including Lanthanides and Europium.
  • It emphasizes the importance of studying theory thoroughly, especially from NCRT, for competitive exams like JE and NEET.
  • Cerium's transition from +3 to +4 oxidation state is explained due to electronic configuration and noble gas stability.
  • Europium's behavior in oxidation states is detailed, showing a preference for +3 due to common oxidation states.
  • Lanthanides are known for their coloration in solid and aqueous states, with some dependent on f electron presence for color.
  • The ionization enthalpy of Lanthanides is around 600 kJ/mol, with variations in third ionization enthalpy indicating stability.
  • Lanthanides are reactive, becoming more like Aluminum with increasing atomic numbers.
  • Lanthanides release hydrogen gas when heated with carbon, forming carbides and oxides when reacted with halogens.
  • Lanthanides are used in alloy steels, misch metal, and as catalysts in petroleum cracking and phosphors in TV screens.
  • Actinoids consist of 14 elements from Th to Lr, with atomic numbers ranging from 89 to 103, and their study is becoming more relevant in exams.

03:14:48

Actinoids: Electron Configuration, Oxidation States, Properties

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  • Discussion on the electron configuration of actinoids and the confusion surrounding the filling of 5f and 6d orbitals
  • Explanation of the electron configuration of thorium and the discrepancies in the expected configuration
  • Detailed breakdown of the electron configurations of actinoids, highlighting the variations and exceptions in the filling of orbitals
  • Explanation of the oxidation states of actinoids and the variability in their oxidation numbers
  • Comparison between actinoids and lanthanides in terms of oxidation states and general characteristics
  • Discussion on the magnetic properties of actinoids and the complexity compared to lanthanides
  • Explanation of the ionization enthalpy of actinoids and the penetration of 5f electrons into the inner core
  • Comparison of actinoids with lanthanides in terms of different characteristics and properties
  • Overview of the production of steel as a construction material and the manufacturing of compounds for specific purposes, such as in the pigment industry and dry cell batteries.

03:28:44

Various Catalysts in Chemical Reactions

  • Jigla nata catalyst known as tl4 and al3 or a ch3 is used in making polythene.
  • Ion Catalyst is utilized in Hebb's process for Ammonia production.
  • Nickel Catalyst is essential for the hydrogenation of fat.
  • Pdcl2 catalyzes the oxidation of Ethyne to ethanol.
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