LoginGet started

Biotechnology and its Applications FULL CHAPTER | NCERT Class 12th Zoology | Chapter 15 | Yakeen

YAKEEN・2 minutes read

The speaker discusses biotech applications and the importance of studying specific topics from old and new NCRT for a comprehensive understanding. Gene therapy aims to treat hereditary diseases by inserting functional genes into cells, and the GEAC plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of genetic engineering research and organisms.

Insights

  • The speaker emphasizes the importance of reading specific topics and chapters from old and new NCRT for comprehensive understanding.
  • Optimal conditions are crucial for catalysts to efficiently convert genes into functional products within hosts.
  • The process of maturing insulin involved creating separate A and B chains, then joining them with a disulfide bond.
  • Gene therapy involves inserting genes into cells to treat diseases, particularly hereditary ones.

Get key ideas from YouTube videos. It’s free

Recent questions

  • What is the importance of gene therapy?

    Gene therapy aims to correct genetic diseases by replacing faulty genes with functional ones, potentially at the embryo level. This revolutionary approach offers the possibility of treating hereditary conditions by inserting genes into cells to address underlying genetic issues. By introducing corrected genes, gene therapy holds the promise of providing long-term solutions to genetic disorders, offering hope for individuals affected by these conditions.

  • How does PCR technology aid in disease detection?

    PCR technology plays a crucial role in disease detection by allowing for the artificial replication of DNA molecules to detect specific genes associated with various conditions. This method enables the amplification of DNA sequences, even in cases where the amount of DNA is minimal, aiding in the identification of diseases like AIDS, cancer, and genetic disorders. By detecting diseases early, PCR technology facilitates timely intervention and treatment, potentially improving patient outcomes and prognosis.

  • What are the benefits of creating transgenic animals?

    Creating transgenic animals offers numerous advantages in the field of medical research and product development. These genetically modified animals provide valuable insights into human gene functioning, disease progression, and the development of new treatments and vaccines. By studying transgenic animals, researchers can gain a better understanding of normal physiology, disease mechanisms, and protein production, advancing scientific knowledge and facilitating the development of innovative therapies. Additionally, transgenic animals allow for the testing of new chemicals and treatments in a controlled environment before human trials, ensuring safety and efficacy in medical interventions.

  • How does gene engineering contribute to insulin production?

    Gene engineering plays a crucial role in insulin production by genetically modifying the A and B chains of insulin to create functional insulin. This process involves inserting the insulin-producing gene into E. coli bacteria, which then produce the necessary insulin chains. To address the challenge of creating mature insulin, the A and B chains are created separately and then joined with a disulfide bond to form the complete, functional insulin molecule. Through genetic engineering techniques, insulin production has been revolutionized, leading to the development of insulin therapies that have transformed the treatment of diabetes.

  • What is the role of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)?

    The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) plays a significant role in ensuring the safety and validity of genetic engineering research and genetically modified organisms. This regulatory body is responsible for evaluating research initiatives, approving genetically modified organisms, and addressing issues related to biopiracy and fraud. By overseeing genetic engineering activities and approving research projects, the GEAC helps to safeguard the integrity of genetic engineering practices and protect against potential risks associated with genetically modified organisms.

Related videos

Summary

00:00

"NCRT Study Guide for Comprehensive Understanding"

  • The speaker greets the audience and asks for confirmation of clear audio and video.
  • The speaker mentions teaching Zoology, completing 11th grade, and moving on to 12th grade.
  • The speaker discusses biotech applications, principles, and processes.
  • Blessings are given, and students are encouraged to chant "Jai to Biology Mother."
  • Information about Physics courses on PW's app is shared, emphasizing free availability and attached notes.
  • Differences between old and new NCRT are highlighted, with specific chapters and topics to focus on.
  • Detailed instructions are provided on what to study from old NCRT and new NCRT for various subjects.
  • Specific topics to skip or focus on are outlined for students with old NCRT.
  • Instructions are given on what to read from old NCRT for various chapters, with a focus on key details.
  • The speaker emphasizes the importance of reading specific topics and chapters from old and new NCRT for comprehensive understanding.

16:59

Advancements in Agricultural Biotechnology and Practices

  • Research in Stream Processing Product to Product varies among companies, offering opportunities to investigate cost-effective downstream processing methods.
  • Bioprocess Engineering involves creating a sterile environment to facilitate the growth of desired hosts while inhibiting others.
  • Enhancements in bioreactors, fermenters, and enzyme usage can optimize downstream processing.
  • Optimal conditions are crucial for catalysts to efficiently convert genes into functional products within hosts.
  • Organic agriculture, utilizing bio-fertilizers and organic matter, offers an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical-based farming.
  • Genetically engineered crops, like Vitamin A-rich rice, address nutritional deficiencies and increase food production.
  • The Green Revolution, initiated in the 1960s, introduced chemical-based agricultural practices to boost crop yields.
  • Genetic modification of plants through micropropagation and tissue culture allows for the rapid production of genetically identical plants.
  • Micropropagation involves utilizing totipotent cells to generate numerous plants in a short period.
  • Somatic cloning, achieved through micropropagation and tissue culture, produces genetically identical plants to the original tree, aiding in virus-infected plant recovery.

37:45

Creating Virus-Free Plants Through Meristem Culture

  • Dividing cells in plant tissue culture is done to micro propagate and create virus-free trees from meristematic cells.
  • Meristem culture ensures virus-free plants by culturing the meristem, which is always free of infection.
  • Removing the virus-infected meristem cells and growing virus-free plants in vitro is crucial for creating virus-free plants.
  • Meristem culture has been used to create virus-free trees like bananas and sugarcane, emphasizing the importance of virus-free plants.
  • Somatic hybridization involves fusing cells from different plant species asexually to create new trees with desired characteristics.
  • Protoplast fusion is a key step in somatic hybridization, involving the removal of cell walls and fusion of cells using chemicals or electricity.
  • Somatic hybrids are created by fusing cells from different plant species to combine positive traits, although success is not guaranteed.
  • Genetically modified organisms are created by inserting genes from different organisms into host plants to confer desired traits like stress tolerance or pest resistance.
  • Genetically modified plants can be tailored to resist abiotic stresses, increase mineral usage efficiency, reduce post-harvest losses, and enhance nutritional value.
  • Golden rice, rich in Vitamin A, is created through genetic modification by inserting a Vitamin A-producing gene from carrots or daffodils into rice cells, addressing Vitamin A deficiency and preventing night blindness.

58:51

Genetically Modified BT Plants Resist Pests

  • BT cotton, BT soybean, BT tomato, and BT Brinjal are plants genetically modified with a gene from Bacillus bacteria to resist pests.
  • The cotton boll worm is a pest that damages crops, but BT plants are engineered to produce a protein toxic to insects like the worm.
  • The gene from Bacillus bacteria produces cry proteins that kill specific insects, such as the cotton boll worm or corn borer.
  • The cry proteins become active in the alkaline pH of the insect's gut, creating holes in the gut lining and causing the insect to die of starvation.
  • BT plants are created through tissue culture, introducing the desired gene to make them insect-resistant.
  • Different cry genes target specific insect groups like lepidopteran, coleopteran, and dipteran, ensuring only the targeted pests are affected.
  • The BT gene is named after Bacillus thuringiensis, the bacteria from which it is derived, and is used to create insect-resistant plants like BT cotton.
  • The BT gene is transferred to plants through genetic modification, making them capable of producing proteins toxic to specific pests.
  • BT plants like cotton, maize, rice, tomato, potato, and soybean have been developed to resist insect damage, protecting crops from pests.
  • The BT gene, also known as the cry gene, is the desired gene used in genetically modified plants to confer insect resistance.

01:19:57

"Genetically Modified Cotton Protects Plants from Nematodes"

  • Cotton is a genetically modified organism that uses Plasmids as vectors.
  • The process requires a vector, desired gene, and host.
  • The application involves creating pest-resistant tobacco through RNA interference.
  • Nematodes infect the roots of tobacco plants, causing disease.
  • RNA interference silences mRNA, inhibiting protein production and nematode growth.
  • The technique involves introducing double-stranded RNA to prevent nematode infection.
  • Three methods are used to introduce the desired gene into the tobacco plant.
  • Agro Bacterial Tum Facin, RNA viruses, and transposons are utilized as vectors.
  • RNA interference technology protects transgenic trees from nematode infection.
  • The process involves introducing genes to prevent nematode growth and protect the plant.

01:43:53

"Genetic Engineering in Medicine: Insulin and Beyond"

  • 30 medicines have been created through genetic engineering, with 12 of them available in the market globally.
  • Genetically Engineered Insulin was the first hormone created, targeting diabetes treatment.
  • Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas, crucial for reducing blood glucose levels in diabetes patients.
  • Insulin is administered through injections due to its protein nature, preventing oral consumption.
  • Scientists genetically engineered insulin by inserting the insulin-producing gene into E. coli bacteria.
  • The challenge in creating mature insulin was addressed by Eli Lilly, an American pharmaceutical company.
  • The process of maturing insulin involved creating separate A and B chains, then joining them with a disulfide bond.
  • Gene therapy aims to correct genetic diseases by replacing faulty genes with functional ones, potentially at the embryo level.
  • The first gene therapy was administered in 1990 to a 4-year-old girl named Shanti de Silva, suffering from Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency (Skid ADA).
  • Skid ADA is caused by a faulty ADA gene, leading to the absence of the crucial enzyme adenosine D Anez, vital for immune system function.

02:18:23

"Advanced Treatments for Genetic Diseases: A Summary"

  • The first treatment involves artificially producing the enzyme in a lab and administering injections to ensure the enzyme is continuously available in the body.
  • Enzyme replacement therapy is the primary method, where complete enzymes are given to replace the deficient ones.
  • Injections of ADA are given intravenously, requiring lifelong administration.
  • Bone marrow transplantation is suggested as a potential permanent cure by changing the bone marrow to produce normal lymphocytes with the correct genes.
  • Gene therapy involves extracting lymphocytes from the patient's blood, culturing them, and inserting the ADA gene using a retrovirus vector to genetically modify the lymphocytes.
  • The use of cDNA in gene therapy involves converting RNA to DNA to ensure the gene is easily transmitted through retroviruses.
  • The process of gene therapy requires periodic infusions due to the limited lifespan of lymphocytes, necessitating repeated treatments.
  • Early gene therapy in the embryo stage can potentially offer a permanent cure by ensuring all cells produced carry the corrected gene.
  • Diagnosis through PCR technology allows for early detection of diseases even before symptoms manifest, providing a more effective treatment approach.
  • Early diagnosis through PCR can be crucial in identifying conditions like tuberculosis, even in the absence of symptoms, enabling timely intervention and treatment.

02:37:58

PCR, ELISA, and Transgenic Animals in Medicine

  • PCR is used to artificially make multiple copies of DNA molecules for detecting specific genes, like those causing diseases such as TB.
  • Denaturation in PCR separates DNA strands, allowing primers to bind and create complementary copies of the target gene.
  • PCR is crucial for detecting low amounts of DNA, even in cases where symptoms are absent, aiding in the identification of diseases like AIDS, cancer, and genetic disorders.
  • ELISA, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is used to detect antigens and antibodies in blood samples, with color changes indicating the presence of specific diseases like HIV.
  • The intensity of color in ELISA tests corresponds to the concentration of antigens or antibodies, aiding in diagnosing diseases accurately.
  • Auto-radiography involves tagging DNA or RNA probes with radioactive molecules to detect normal or mutated genes, with X-rays revealing the presence or absence of specific genes.
  • Transgenic animals, genetically modified with foreign DNA, are crucial for studying gene functions, diseases, and developing new products like vaccines and proteins.
  • Transgenic animals, like rats and rabbits, provide valuable insights into human gene functioning and disease progression, aiding in research and treatment development.
  • The creation of transgenic animals allows for the testing of new chemicals, vaccines, and treatments in a controlled environment before human trials, ensuring safety and efficacy.
  • By inserting specific genes into transgenic animals, researchers can study normal physiology, disease development, and protein production, advancing medical research and product development.

02:59:57

Genetic Modification for Disease Study Success

  • Animals can be genetically modified for studying human diseases.
  • Tips for studying four diseases have been provided: Cancer, Cystic Fibrosis, Rheumatism, and Arthritis.
  • Two cars should be studied, not two useless cars.
  • Transgenic animals have been created for studying diseases.
  • Biological products have been developed using transgenic animals.
  • A cow named Rosie was genetically engineered to produce human alpha lactalbumin protein in its milk.
  • A sheep named Tracy was created to produce human AlphaOne Anti Trypsin protein.
  • Transgenic animals have been used for studying Phenyl Keto Anuria and Cystic Fibrosis.
  • Cystic Fibrosis occurs in both animals and humans.
  • The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee approves genetic engineering research and the safety of genetically modified organisms.

03:19:07

"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in India"

  • Paying for growing is essential to avoid theft, especially in relation to the African Government Beach and the Indian Parliament.
  • The Indian Parliament passed the Indian Patent Bill, which is crucial for research and development initiatives.
  • The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) plays a significant role in determining the safety and validity of research.
  • The Indian Patent Bill addresses issues of biopiracy and fraud, ensuring legal protection.
  • Gene therapy involves inserting genes into cells to treat diseases, particularly hereditary ones.
  • Biotechnology is vital for creating genetically modified organisms and gene therapy.
  • PCR applications are essential for detecting diseases like AIDS and cancer, as well as genetic disorders.
  • Insulin production involves genetically engineering the A and B chains to create functional insulin.
  • The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) ensures the safety of genetically modified organisms and research initiatives.
Channel avatarChannel avatarChannel avatarChannel avatarChannel avatar

Try it yourself — It’s free.