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Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 3 Cells Part C

Doctor Maria's Biology Channel・35 minutes read

The cytoplasm contains cellular material like cytosol, inclusions, and organelles while mitochondria produce ATP in cells; ribosomes are crucial for protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum assists in protein synthesis, the Golgi apparatus processes proteins, and lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for cellular functions.

Insights

  • The cytoplasm is the area within a cell that holds various components like cytosol, inclusions, and organelles, crucial for cell function and structure.
  • Organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and lysosomes play specific roles in cellular activities, such as energy production, protein synthesis, detoxification, and waste breakdown, highlighting the intricate and specialized functions within a cell.

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Recent questions

  • What is the function of mitochondria?

    Energy production through aerobic cellular respiration.

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Summary

00:00

Cellular Components and Functions in Biology

  • The cytoplasm is all cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, containing cytosol, inclusions, and organelles.
  • Inclusions in the cytoplasm vary with cell type, such as glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, or crystals.
  • Membranous organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and lysosomes, and non-membranous organelles like ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and centrioles are crucial for cell function.
  • Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP through aerobic cellular respiration, containing their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.
  • Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, with free ribosomes for soluble proteins and membrane-bound ribosomes for proteins incorporated into membranes or lysosomes.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum consists of rough ER for protein synthesis and smooth ER for lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.
  • The golgi apparatus modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from the rough ER, directing them to different destinations through transport vesicles.
  • Peroxisomes neutralize toxins using oxidase and catalase, while lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down bacteria, viruses, toxins, and non-functional organelles.
  • Lysosomal storage diseases result from mutated lysosomal enzymes, like Tay-Sachs, causing glycolipid buildup and nervous system dysfunction.
  • The endomembrane system includes the ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes, working together to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules.

18:43

Cell Structure: Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Organelles, Movement

  • Cytoskeletal elements are composed of semi-flexible actin protein strands unique to each cell but sharing a common terminal web, a dense network of microfilaments attached to the plasma membrane, strengthening the cell surface and aiding in cell motility.
  • Microfilaments, made of actin protein subunits, support the cell and generate movement, while intermediate filaments, composed of tough protein fibers, help resist pulling forces and have specific names like neurofilaments in nerve cells and keratin filaments in epithelial cells.
  • Microtubules, the largest cytoskeletal elements, are hollow tubes of tubulin protein subunits radiating from a centrosome, determining cell shape, organelle distribution, and aiding in organelle movement through motor proteins on tracks.
  • Motor proteins like dynein and kinesin move organelles along microtubule tracks powered by ATP, with the centrosome, consisting of centrioles, organizing microtubules and aiding in cell division and forming cilia and flagella.
  • Cilia and flagella are cellular extensions aiding in cell movement, while microvilli increase surface area for absorption, with cilia moving substances in a sweeping motion and flagella propelling the entire cell.
  • Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules synthesized by centrioles, with a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, alternating power and recovery strokes for movement.
  • Microvilli are minute projections increasing surface area for absorption, with a core of actin microfilaments stiffening the projections.
  • The nucleus, the largest organelle, contains genetic blueprints for protein synthesis, responding to signals for protein production, with most cells having one nucleus, while some like skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate and red blood cells are anucleate.
  • The nucleus comprises the nuclear envelope, nucleoli involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis, chromatin consisting of DNA and histone proteins, and chromosomes, condensed chromatin protecting DNA during cell division.
  • The nuclear envelope is a double membrane enclosing nucleoplasm, with nuclear pores regulating substance transport, nucleoli aiding in ribosomal RNA synthesis, chromatin consisting of DNA and histone proteins, and chromosomes being condensed chromatin during cell division.

36:55

Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Functions

  • Animals' success is attributed to their flexible membrane, allowing for various cell, organ, and tissue types not possible in plant cells.
  • Protozoans move using cilia and flagella, lacking specialized muscle tissue like animals.
  • Eukaryotic cells are complex, likened to a city with distinct parts and functions.
  • Cilia and flagella are structures on some eukaryotic cells, aiding in movement.
  • The cell membrane encloses the cell, controlling what enters and exits.
  • The cytoplasm is a solution within the cell, containing the cytoskeleton for structure.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aids in protein synthesis and lipid creation.
  • The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins for distribution within and outside the cell.
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