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2022 California Plant and Soil Conference - Day 2

UC Agriculture and Natural Resources ・26 minutes read

Ranjit Rayar and Gina Colfer led a session on sustainable weed management at the California Plant and Soil Conference, highlighting the invasive challenges posed by Palmer Amaranth and Common Waterhemp, which significantly affect agriculture. The discussion included strategies for effective control, the impact of climate change on pest dynamics, and the importance of ongoing research and collaboration to address these challenges within California's agricultural industry.

Insights

  • Ranjit Rayar and Gina Colfer led a session on sustainable weed management at the California Plant and Soil Conference, addressing ongoing agricultural challenges.
  • Dr. Anil Shrishta highlighted the alarming rise of Palmer Amaranth and Common Waterhemp in California's Central Valley, emphasizing their rapid growth and detrimental effects on crops.
  • Palmer Amaranth can grow remarkably fast, reaching heights of up to 10 feet, while Common Waterhemp, although slightly less aggressive, poses similar management issues.
  • Both weed species are among the top five worst in U.S. agriculture, with Palmer Amaranth being the most problematic due to its prolific seed production.
  • Palmer Amaranth can generate up to 600,000 seeds per plant, and Common Waterhemp can produce as many as 2 million seeds, which accelerates their spread and resistance to herbicides.
  • Glyphosate resistance in Palmer Amaranth was first reported in California and has since been documented in 29 other states, while resistance in Common Waterhemp remains to be confirmed.
  • Research indicates that effective herbicides, such as Rim Sulfuron and Glyphosate, should be applied early in the growth cycle to prevent these weeds from escaping control.
  • Both weed species thrive in saline environments, showing adaptation to high salinity levels, which presents ongoing challenges for California farmers.
  • Effective post-emergence herbicides can control Palmer Amaranth up to a certain leaf stage, but the effectiveness of glyphosate diminishes as the plants grow larger.
  • Research at UC Davis explores genetically modifying male plants to produce only male offspring, which could reduce future weed populations.
  • Palmer Amaranth is particularly successful in high pH soils, indicating that specific areas in California could be at risk for invasion.
  • Rye cover crops have proven somewhat effective in managing Palmer Amaranth and Common Waterhemp populations, though they do not eliminate them entirely.
  • The viability of pigweed seeds can last for decades, creating long-term challenges for weed management compared to species with shorter seed lifespans.
  • Collaboration with organizations like Caltrans is crucial in addressing herbicide resistance, and the importance of pre-emergent herbicides is underscored for effective weed control.

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Recent questions

  • What is a biostimulant in agriculture?

    A biostimulant is a biological substance that enhances plant growth and resilience, promoting positive responses to environmental stressors. These substances can include ingredients like humic acid, seaweed extracts, and beneficial bacteria. While they are gaining popularity among growers for their potential to improve nutrient availability and overall plant health, the term "biostimulant" is not officially recognized in the U.S. for labeling purposes. Instead, regulations require clear identification of the ingredients on product labels to ensure that growers understand what they are purchasing. The effectiveness of biostimulants can vary based on environmental conditions, and ongoing research aims to establish standardized definitions and efficacy guidelines to help growers make informed decisions.

  • How do herbicides work in weed management?

    Herbicides are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants, or weeds, in agricultural settings. They work by targeting specific biological processes in plants, disrupting their growth and development. For instance, some herbicides inhibit photosynthesis, while others interfere with cell division or hormone regulation. Effective weed management often involves applying herbicides at the right growth stage of the weeds to maximize their effectiveness. Additionally, the development of herbicide resistance in certain weed species poses challenges, necessitating the rotation of different herbicides and the use of integrated weed management strategies. Understanding the mechanisms of action and proper application techniques is crucial for successful weed control and minimizing the impact on desirable crops.

  • What are the benefits of cover crops?

    Cover crops are plants grown primarily to improve soil health, prevent erosion, and enhance biodiversity in agricultural systems. They provide numerous benefits, including improving soil structure, increasing organic matter, and enhancing nutrient cycling. By planting cover crops, farmers can reduce soil compaction and promote better water infiltration, which is essential for crop growth. Additionally, cover crops can suppress weed growth and reduce the need for chemical herbicides, contributing to more sustainable farming practices. They also provide habitat for beneficial insects and microorganisms, which can enhance pest control and overall ecosystem health. Overall, integrating cover crops into crop rotations can lead to improved long-term productivity and environmental sustainability.

  • What is the role of soil health in agriculture?

    Soil health is a critical component of sustainable agriculture, as it directly affects crop productivity, water quality, and ecosystem resilience. Healthy soils are characterized by a rich diversity of microorganisms, good structure, and adequate organic matter content, which together support plant growth and nutrient availability. Practices that promote soil health, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and reduced tillage, can enhance soil fertility and reduce erosion. Furthermore, healthy soils can better retain moisture and nutrients, making crops more resilient to drought and other environmental stresses. By prioritizing soil health, farmers can improve their yields, reduce input costs, and contribute to the overall sustainability of agricultural systems.

  • How does climate change affect agriculture?

    Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, impacting crop yields, pest dynamics, and water availability. Rising temperatures can alter growing seasons, leading to shifts in crop production patterns and increased stress on plants. Additionally, changes in precipitation patterns can result in more frequent droughts or flooding, affecting soil moisture and crop health. The increased prevalence of pests and diseases, driven by warmer temperatures and changing ecosystems, can further threaten agricultural productivity. Farmers may need to adapt their practices, such as implementing more resilient crop varieties and improving water management strategies, to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing effective agricultural policies and practices that ensure food security in a changing climate.

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Summary

00:00

Weed Management Challenges in California Agriculture

  • Ranjit Rayar and Gina Colfer co-chair the weed management session at the California Plant and Soil Conference, focusing on sustainable approaches to combat persistent weed issues in agriculture.
  • Dr. Anil Shrishta presents on the increasing prevalence of Palmer Amaranth and Common Waterhemp in California's Central Valley, highlighting their rapid growth and significant agricultural impact.
  • Palmer Amaranth can grow 1-2 inches daily, reaching heights of 6-10 feet, while Common Waterhemp is slightly less robust but similarly invasive, complicating weed management strategies.
  • Both species belong to the Amaranthaceae family and are classified among the top five worst weeds in U.S. agriculture, with Palmer Amaranth ranked first.
  • Palmer Amaranth produces up to 600,000 seeds per plant, while Common Waterhemp can produce up to 2 million seeds, contributing to their rapid spread and resistance development.
  • Glyphosate-resistant Palmer Amaranth was first documented in Merced County, California, with 29 states reporting similar resistance, while resistance in Common Waterhemp remains unconfirmed.
  • Effective herbicides tested include Rim Sulfuron, Glyphosate, and Suppress, with optimal application at the 3-inch growth stage to prevent escapes at the 6-inch stage.
  • Research on germination under drought and salinity conditions shows both species are slightly drought-tolerant but highly salt-tolerant, germinating even at high salinity levels (20 EC).
  • Studies simulate drought using polyethylene glycol and salinity with sodium chloride, assessing germination across pH levels 5-9 in controlled growth chamber conditions.
  • The findings indicate that while both species require moisture for germination, they can thrive in saline environments, posing ongoing challenges for California agriculture.

17:15

Palmer Amaranth Management and Resistance Challenges

  • Palmer amaranth thrives in high pH areas, particularly those with pH levels of 7 and above, making the west side a potential invasion zone.
  • Effective post-emergence herbicides include Saphina Cell, Trevix, and Paraquat, which control Palmer amaranth up to the 12-16 leaf stage, while glyphosate's effectiveness decreases with plant size.
  • Tank mixes of 3 Weather Max, Rely, and Clarity provide 100% control at the 8-10 leaf stage, but resistance development in other states necessitates chemical rotation.
  • Research at the University of Illinois and UC Davis focuses on genetically modifying male plants to produce only male offspring, potentially impacting future weed populations.
  • Populations sampled from Merced County include both Rudis and Tuberculatus types, indicating a mix of genetic backgrounds and potential movement from other regions.
  • Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth populations have been confirmed in the Central Valley, while waterhemp resistance remains unconfirmed but is anticipated.
  • Palmer amaranth can produce up to 600,000 seeds per plant, making early control crucial to prevent future infestations and manage seed banks effectively.
  • Rye cover crops have shown success in reducing Palmer amaranth and waterhemp populations, although they do not provide complete control.
  • The viability of pigweed seeds can exceed 10-20 years, contributing to long-term challenges in weed management compared to other species with shorter seed lifespans.
  • Collaboration with organizations like Caltrans is ongoing to address herbicide resistance in non-crop areas, emphasizing the importance of pre-emergent herbicides for effective weed control.

35:14

Robotic Weeding Solutions for Modern Agriculture

  • The machine utilizes robotic planning to assess its environment, similar to facial recognition, enabling it to detect crops and navigate effectively between them.
  • Actuation of blades occurs between crops, allowing for precise weeding, while fixed tools on a cultivation bar clean the entire bed.
  • Custom-designed blades, tailored for various crops and soil conditions, include around 200 types, with 15 actively used for optimal performance.
  • The company operates 14 machines since 2019, providing weeding services to farmers, who can request assistance for specific crop areas, such as 15 acres of celery.
  • Data collection includes crop numbers, GPS coordinates, and individual crop photos, allowing for diameter approximation and spacing assessment during the growing cycle.
  • The service model minimizes risk for growers, allowing them to engage flexibly without the burden of owning equipment, fostering trust through regular interaction.
  • Performance tracking and scheduling tools monitor machine operations, ensuring efficient management of multiple machines and timely maintenance.
  • A new generation of products is set to launch on February 14, focusing on modularity, ease of operation, and reliability for growers without technical expertise.
  • The team consists of 75 members, blending agricultural knowledge with machine learning expertise, ensuring effective communication across engineering and operational departments.
  • Future plans include piloting the new machine with growers in Salinas and collecting feedback for further improvements, with pre-orders expected soon.

50:46

Effective Strategies for Managing Common Rush Weeds

  • The service operates in Los Banos, focusing on steady work with multiple growers rather than a minimum acreage requirement, emphasizing profitability and machine allocation for various customers.
  • Demonstrations of equipment capabilities are available, with plans to increase machine production and sales, encouraging interested parties to schedule field demonstrations for practical insights.
  • Common rush, a prevalent weed in irrigated pastures, can grow up to 3 feet tall and forms large clumps, negatively impacting cattle grazing and pasture productivity.
  • Seeds of common rush can remain viable in the soil for over 60 years, complicating management efforts and necessitating effective control strategies to prevent re-establishment.
  • The wick wiper technology allows for targeted herbicide application, treating taller weeds without harming shorter crops, utilizing a non-selective herbicide like Roundup effectively.
  • Roundup is a systemic herbicide that requires application on actively growing weeds, with efficacy reduced if the weeds are stressed or dry, necessitating careful timing.
  • The wick wiper operates by coating a rotating drum with herbicide, transferring it to weed foliage as it moves, minimizing off-target herbicide drift and maximizing control.
  • Experimental studies in 2019 and 2020 tested glyphosate concentrations against common rush, evaluating the effectiveness of single versus double passes for optimal weed control.
  • Recommended glyphosate application rates were assessed, with 50% being the label rate, while higher concentrations were evaluated for potential improved control without unnecessary costs.
  • Effective management of common rush involves understanding its biology, herbicide mechanisms, and application strategies, with Roundup taking 10 to 14 days to kill established clumps.

01:07:37

Effective Herbicide Application Methods Compared

  • The study compared two herbicide application methods: a single pass with a 50% concentration versus two passes with lower concentrations to evaluate effectiveness and herbicide savings.
  • Chlorosis (yellowing) and necrosis (dead foliage) were measured at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days post-treatment, with follow-ups at six months and one year after application.
  • Results indicated that necrosis increased over time, with 50% and 75% concentrations achieving complete plant kill by six months, while 25% concentration showed subpar results.
  • In 2020, similar findings were observed, with 60% necrosis at 30 days for 25% concentration with two passes, compared to 95% necrosis for the 50% single pass.
  • A single pass application of 50% Roundup with 1% ammonium sulfate (AMS) is recommended for effective weed control during late spring or early summer.
  • AMS is advised in areas with unknown water hardness to prevent glyphosate binding, which reduces herbicide efficacy; mix AMS with water before adding Roundup.
  • After six months, dead clumps disintegrate naturally, allowing forages like clover and grasses to reclaim the area previously occupied by wire weed.
  • For effective application, adjust pump operation based on weed density; run the pump for five seconds in high-density areas and travel longer distances in low-density areas.
  • Monitor pastures for new weed emergence post-treatment and adjust grazing pressure to prevent regrowth, potentially requiring reapplication every four to five years.
  • The study emphasizes that a single application can significantly reduce weed populations, saving time and resources compared to reseeding, mowing, or burning.

01:25:33

Managing Naval Orangeworm in California Nut Crops

  • Rael's research focuses on managing exotic and invasive pests affecting fruit and nut trees in California, emphasizing the naval orangeworm, a significant pest for almonds, pistachios, and walnuts.
  • The larval stages of the naval orangeworm directly damage nut meat, leading to yield loss and indirectly cause contamination with aflatoxin, a known carcinogen, through fungal infestation.
  • Overwintering occurs in mummy nuts left on trees post-harvest, where larvae survive until spring, leading to multiple generations that infest fresh nuts during their growth.
  • Effective management practices include removing mummy nuts, using traps, and implementing mating disruption strategies early in the season to reduce pest pressure on fresh nuts.
  • In almonds, one or two insecticide applications are common during the nut-splitting phase, while walnuts become vulnerable during the third and fourth generations of the pest.
  • The naval orangeworm is highly adaptable, capable of surviving on poor-quality hosts and migrating between different crops, complicating management efforts across 2.5 million acres of nut crops.
  • Research on migration behavior indicates that the fatty acid content in moths varies based on whether they developed in walnuts or almonds, affecting their capture rates in traps.
  • Traps used in the study included OB bait traps with pistachio bait, pheromone traps, and PPO lures, deployed across 18 orchards over three years to assess moth populations.
  • Findings revealed that 31% to 60% of moths captured in walnut orchards originated from larvae that developed in walnuts, indicating significant local populations and migration patterns.
  • Climate change factors, such as increased temperatures and variable precipitation, influence pest dynamics, potentially increasing insect generation rates and altering geographic ranges of pest populations.

01:41:35

Climate Change Effects on Naval Orange Worms

  • California's future statewide temperature is predicted to increase by 2 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century, impacting insect growth directly related to temperature changes.
  • Historical data from 1895 to 2018 shows an average U.S. temperature increase of 1 degree Celsius, while Ventura County experienced a 2.6-degree increase, and Stanislaus County saw a 1.3-degree increase.
  • The study focused on 23 counties in California's Central Valley, utilizing general circulation models to project future temperatures and assess their impact on naval orange worm populations.
  • Two emission scenarios were analyzed: RCP 4.5, assuming aggressive mitigation measures, and RCP 8.5, assuming minimal mitigation, affecting the predicted insect population dynamics.
  • For naval orange worms in almonds and walnuts, it takes approximately 444 degree days for their first and second generations, while pistachios require fewer degree days for the same generations.
  • Under RCP 4.5, the first generation of naval orange worms in Sacramento County is expected to complete its life cycle in 154 to 180 days, shortened by about six weeks due to increased temperatures.
  • In Tulare County, the fifth generation of naval orange worms historically completed its cycle in 292 days, but future projections suggest this could occur as early as 262 days.
  • By 2040, three counties in the southern part of the valley may see the fifth generation of naval orange worms, with projections increasing to 17 counties by the end of the century under RCP 8.5.
  • The study emphasizes the need for policy makers and the agricultural industry to invest in research and integrated pest management strategies to address the impacts of climate change on insect populations.
  • The research aims to raise awareness about the potential effects of climate change on agricultural pests, particularly the naval orange worm, and to inform future planning and mitigation efforts.

01:58:21

Lettuce Virus Threatens Crop Production Nationwide

  • Lettuce, seeded 1-2 weeks ago, will soon enter the thinning stage, allowing for two plantings during the season, integrating various crops in a complex rotation system.
  • The virus, first described in the Netherlands in 1980, was reported in Monterey County in 2006, affecting ornamental crops and later recognized as a major pathogen in vegetable production.
  • Recent outbreaks have caused up to 100% crop losses, totaling millions in damages, with the virus identified in Arizona and Southern California, accounting for 90% of U.S. lettuce production.
  • The virus, known as Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), causes severe necrosis and stunting in romaine lettuce, with symptoms appearing 7-14 days after infection.
  • In 2021, a 9-acre field experienced total losses of approximately $110,000 due to INSV, highlighting the economic impact of the virus on lettuce production.
  • A voluntary survey in 2021 revealed over 750 fields reported INSV incidents, with only 25% of the industry participating, indicating underreporting of the virus's spread.
  • One grower reported 23 fields over 220 acres with 3-100% infection rates, averaging 30% incidence, demonstrating the virus's widespread impact on lettuce crops.
  • Pest management costs increased by 10-15% in 2020 due to pesticide applications for INSV and Pythium wilt, emphasizing the financial burden on growers.
  • The western flower thrips, a key vector for INSV, can transmit the virus within minutes of feeding, complicating management strategies for both the insect and the virus.
  • Field surveys identified 73 species as hosts for INSV, with top hosts including little mallow and lamb's quarter, indicating the need for comprehensive weed management strategies.

02:14:47

Virus Transmission and Broom Rape Control Strategies

  • Researchers Diane Ullman at UC Davis and Anna Whitfield at NC State studied virus transmission mechanisms, noting that larvae must return the virus to salivary glands for transmission to occur.
  • Infected plants can serve as reservoirs for polyvirus; healthy plant residues can host the virus, allowing larvae to feed and emerge, while dead plants do not support this process.
  • The larvae cannot transmit the virus; only adults can, and they must acquire the virus as larvae to transmit it later as adults.
  • Broom rape (Orobanche ramosa) is a significant agricultural pest in California, affecting various crops and requiring strict regulatory measures due to its noxious weed status.
  • Broom rape seeds are tiny (0.2 mm), germinate upon receiving signals from host roots, and can produce hundreds of thousands of seeds, making them highly prolific.
  • California produced over 11.4 million tons of tomatoes in 2020, covering 230,000 acres, with Yolo County reporting numerous broom rape infestations in recent years.
  • The Picket Decision Support System, developed in Israel, manages Egyptian broom rape using growing degree days and involves pre-plant applications of sulfur sulfuron and multiple imazapic applications.
  • In 2019-2021, studies evaluated various Picket programs for broom rape control, including mild, moderate, and intense infestation strategies, focusing on crop safety and efficacy.
  • Crop safety studies in 2019 and 2020 tested eight treatments of imazapic, showing no significant yield differences, indicating safety for tomato crops.
  • A 2020 efficacy study in Yolo County found over 2,700 broom rape clusters in two acres, demonstrating a moderate infestation level and the need for effective control measures.

02:30:23

Herbicide Effects on Crop Rotation and Broom Rape

  • Sulfur sulfuron and amazopic were tested as picket treatments, while non-picket treatments showed no significant differences in broom rape control, indicating the need for further studies.
  • A rotational crop study began in 2019 at UC Davis, evaluating residual herbicide effects on crops like tomatoes, wheat, melons, beans, corn, sunflower, and safflower.
  • Tomatoes received nine picket treatments in 2019, followed by planting six different crops in 2020, including sulfur sulfuron at three rates and amazopic at two rates.
  • Corn was injured by sulfur sulfuron at both 1x and 2x rates, aligning with label warnings, necessitating careful consideration in crop rotation planning.
  • In 2021, a study focused on imazumox with ten treatments, including one through four times the standard rate, to assess crop safety and broom rape control.
  • Tomato yields showed no statistical differences among treatments, but imazumox at higher rates caused significant plant damage, including stunted growth and leaf curling.
  • A late June planting in 2021 faced extreme heat, resulting in poor plant health and yields, highlighting the risks of late planting combined with high temperatures.
  • Future research will investigate the effects of different planting dates on broom rape emergence and assess the efficacy of rimsulfuron as a chemigation treatment.
  • A variety screening for broom rape sensitivity is ongoing, aiming to identify promising treatments for larger-scale demonstration studies in 2023.
  • Collaboration with Israeli researchers and local farming partners has been crucial, with funding from USDA, California Tomato Research Institute, and CDFA Specialty Crop Block Grant Program.

02:47:01

Biostimulants Regulation and Labeling Challenges

  • Nick's presentation focuses on biostimulants from a regulatory perspective, emphasizing what can and cannot be claimed on labels in California and the evolving nature of regulations.
  • The Fertilizing Materials Inspection Program promotes safe distribution of fertilizing materials, conducting field inspections, lab analyses, and reviewing efficacy data to ensure product quality for growers.
  • The program regulates various materials, including commercial fertilizers, organic inputs, agricultural minerals, specialty fertilizers, and auxiliary soil and plant substances, excluding pesticides and bulk compost.
  • Biostimulants encompass a broad category, including ingredients like humic acid, seaweed extracts, beneficial bacteria, and soluble silicon, but the term is not officially recognized in the U.S. for labeling.
  • Currently, only Vermont and New Hampshire allow the term "biostimulants" on fertilizer labels; other states, including California, require specific ingredient identification instead of using the term.
  • State regulators require clear identification of biostimulant ingredients on labels to differentiate effective products from those lacking scientific backing, ensuring growers know what they are purchasing.
  • If an ingredient is recognized by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO), it can be included on labels; otherwise, efficacy data is needed for approval.
  • The biostimulant committee is working towards uniform definitions and labeling standards across all states, aiming for a single label format to simplify compliance for manufacturers.
  • A proposed definition for biostimulants emphasizes their role in improving nutrient availability and plant growth, but regulators seek to soften claims to account for varying environmental factors.
  • California's labeling system includes a statement for non-plant food ingredients, but the complexity of varying state regulations creates confusion, prompting efforts for a simplified, standardized labeling approach.

03:04:33

Biostimulant Classification and Regulatory Challenges

  • A working group of 50 experts, including regulators and researchers, debated the classification of ingredients, resulting in a consensus on the term "beneficial substances" over "non-plant food ingredients."
  • The term "biostimulants" was excluded from the definition due to the inclusion of non-biostimulant ingredients like polymers and wetting agents, which do not fit typical biostimulant criteria.
  • Biostimulant claims can be made on product labels once a definition is approved, allowing for clear communication of benefits to consumers.
  • Products with biostimulant properties may require dual registration as both fertilizers and pesticides, depending on their claims and composition, such as microbes and seaweed extracts.
  • The EPA's updated guidance emphasizes that claims made on labels are crucial for determining if a product is classified as a pesticide, alongside its composition.
  • Non-pesticidal products include plant nutrients, trace elements, and soil amendments, while specific claims can categorize products as plant regulators or pesticides.
  • Examples of problematic biostimulants include corn gluten meal and humic acid, which may be classified as pesticides due to their growth-regulating properties.
  • Regulatory approaches for products with dual modes of action may allow exclusion from FIFRA regulation if no plant regulator claims are made on the label.
  • Efficacy claims for known beneficial ingredients like humic acid can be accepted without additional data, while novel ingredients require scientific validation for approval.
  • The working group aims to standardize efficacy guidelines across states, ensuring a robust system for evaluating new biostimulant ingredients and their claims.

03:20:48

Safe Bacteria Boosts Plant Growth and Production

  • Cedarophora and other lipopeptides are tested for safety on plants and nematodes, specifically using Caenorhabditis elegans, to ensure they do not harm beneficial organisms.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is identified as a harmful bacterium; assays show that nematodes die when exposed to it, while E. coli OP50 serves as a safe food source for the worms.
  • The strain of bacteria isolated from Israel, designated as Dizzia cinemia strain 55, shows no harmful effects on various plants, including alfalfa, when tested against the pathogen Burkholderia cepacia.
  • Wax worm assays reveal that Dizzia cinemia does not harm the worms, unlike Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which causes significant mortality in the control group.
  • Genomic analysis, in collaboration with the Joint Genome Institute, indicates Dizzia cinemia lacks virulence genes and harmful secretion systems, suggesting its safety for agricultural use.
  • Corn trials conducted in 2019 and 2020 demonstrate significant increases in corn production when treated with Dizzia cinemia, with detailed data published on the results.
  • Preliminary tests on soybeans indicate a positive effect on plant growth, with increased node numbers observed, although 2021's rainy conditions affected overall corn yields.
  • Wheat trials show promising results, particularly with an Egyptian variety, indicating increased kernel production when treated with Dizzia cinemia, with further studies planned on American varieties.
  • Research in Botswana focuses on the microbiome of cowpea plants, isolating bacteria from nodules to identify potential plant growth-promoting bacteria, emphasizing the role of Rhizobium.
  • Variovorax species isolated from alfalfa nodules demonstrate potential for bioremediation and plant growth promotion, particularly in mitigating copper toxicity, highlighting their importance in contaminated soils.

03:35:59

Sustainable Agriculture and Biostimulant Effectiveness

  • The importance of producing food sustainably is emphasized, highlighting that plants can grow in various conditions, similar to seeds thriving in deserts despite imperfect circumstances.
  • Soil preservation is crucial, as it is a precious resource that must be protected from damage during agricultural practices to ensure long-term sustainability.
  • Funding for desert studies has been provided by multiple agencies, with specific acknowledgment of two key contributors that supported the research project.
  • The discussion includes the criteria for selecting bacterial strains for soil inoculation, focusing on traits that enhance competition and survival in agricultural environments.
  • Desiccation resistance is identified as a significant trait for bacterial survival, although the complexity of soil interactions makes it challenging to determine all necessary traits.
  • The speaker notes that biostimulants are gaining interest, as they play a vital role in the relationship between soil microbes and plant health, forming a crucial ecological triangle.
  • The process of isolating DNA from soil samples is explained, emphasizing the complexity of analyzing diverse bacterial populations present in the rhizosphere.
  • The speaker expresses concern over the lack of understanding regarding the effectiveness of biostimulants, as many growers report inconsistent results without scientific backing.
  • Biostimulants are defined as biological substances that promote positive growth responses in plants, with a focus on stress mitigation and yield enhancement.
  • The challenges of proving biostimulant effectiveness in field conditions are discussed, highlighting the need for more rigorous scientific evaluation to understand their true impact on crop production.

03:51:42

Maximizing Plant Growth with Biostimulants and GA

  • Gibberellic acid (GA) has 126 known forms, with GA1, GA3, GA4, GA7, and GA10 being commercially available, each producing different plant responses.
  • Surfactants significantly affect the absorption of GA3 in plants; effective surfactant use is crucial for achieving desired growth outcomes.
  • Nutrient availability impacts plant growth; low fertility conditions yield minimal growth, while medium to high fertility conditions show significant crop responses.
  • In California, trials on onions and black-eyed peas showed a 13% yield increase with GA3, but results were not statistically significant.
  • Lima beans exhibited a 17% yield increase with GA3, attributed to more seeds set rather than larger seed size.
  • Biostimulants can enhance early soybean root growth, but yield differences were negligible due to insufficient nutrients later in the season.
  • Rain-fed fields showed statistically significant yield increases with biostimulants, while irrigated fields did not, likely due to reduced stress levels.
  • The product Torque, containing signaling molecules, improved corn height and root systems but did not significantly increase yield due to nutrient competition.
  • Timing of biostimulant application is critical; for example, applying seaweed extract at the second or third irrigation led to yield increases in alfalfa.
  • Consistent application timing and understanding crop development stages are essential for maximizing biostimulant effectiveness across different crops and conditions.

04:07:46

California Agronomy Society Conference Highlights 2023

  • Florence Castle, president of the California chapter of the American Society of Agronomy, opened the annual business meeting, highlighting the conference's 51-year history since its inception in 1972.
  • The conference proceedings are archived on the chapter's website, allowing attendees to access historical documents, including the first conference held in the last week of January 1972.
  • The chapter now refers to its proceedings as the "book of abstracts," which includes abstracts from speakers, a list of board members, past presidents, honorees, and last year's meeting minutes.
  • Attendees are encouraged to provide feedback via a survey, which will be posted and emailed, to help improve future conferences and gather suggestions for topics and honorees.
  • Sponsors for student awards include the Western Plant Health Association, Lavalier Laboratory, Valley Tech Agricultural Laboratory Services, Mid Valley Agricultural Services, Simplot, and Wilbur Ellis, all acknowledged for their support.
  • The executive committee, including Mark Eddie (Secretary-Treasurer), Danielle Geisler (Second Vice President), Michelle Lanfielder Miles (First Vice President), and Eric Ellison (Past President), was recognized for their hard work in organizing the conference.
  • The financial report indicated a total income of $16,820 and expenses of $5,943.18 for the 2021 conference, resulting in a balance of $10,876.82 in the UCANR account.
  • The Wells Fargo checking account had a beginning balance of $32,821.63 and an ending balance of $33,518.15, indicating a stable financial position for the chapter.
  • New board members were nominated, with Eric Ellison completing his eight-year term, and Nick Clark, Jacob Wenger, and Michael Kahn completing their three-year terms, all thanked for their contributions.
  • Nick Clark will transition to the executive committee as Secretary-Treasurer, serving a five-year term, while the chapter continues to seek diverse representation from academia, industry, and government agencies.

04:25:44

New Board Members and Student Achievements Announced

  • Three nominees for board vacancies are Ayan Gretenberger (UC Davis), Jose Zakiri (CSU Chico), and Sultan Begna (USD ARS in Parliament), nominated by the executive committee and council of representatives.
  • Ayan Gretenberger specializes in cooperative extension at UC Davis, focusing on entomology and pest monitoring, particularly on invasive species and insecticide resistance.
  • Jose Zakiri is an associate professor at CSU Chico, emphasizing crop diversity, plant nutrition, and nitrogen fixation, and actively engages students in agricultural conferences.
  • Sultan Begna, a research economist at USD ARS, specializes in forage crops, particularly alfalfa, and studies biotic and abiotic factors affecting crop production.
  • The board officially approved the nominations of Gretenberger, Zakiri, and Begna, welcoming them to the governing board for the upcoming year.
  • The Western Plant Health Association sponsors an undergraduate scholarship for high-achieving agricultural sciences students at California universities, aiming to support future agronomists.
  • This year, Aaron Guerra (UC Davis) and Omar Abu Ghanam (Fresno State) received the scholarship, recognizing their academic excellence and contributions to agriculture.
  • Aaron Guerra, a third-year student, focuses on environmental policy and sustainable food production, while Omar Abu Ghanam, a second-year student, studies plant science and hydrology.
  • The student lightning talk competition awarded Samantha Jackson ($600), Lauren Margliano ($500), and Aaron Guerra ($400) for their presentations on agricultural research topics.
  • The meeting emphasized the importance of member participation in voting and contributions to the California ASA, recognizing professionals for their outstanding contributions to California agriculture.

04:44:33

Honoring Agricultural Leaders in California

  • Members of Calais can suggest nominees for honorees, which is a valuable resource for selecting individuals to honor each year in California agriculture.
  • The 2022 Cal ASA honorees are Bruce Roberts, emeritus faculty at Fresno State University, and Blake Sandon, emeritus farm advisor with UC Cooperative Extension in Kern County.
  • Attendees are encouraged to read the biographies of Bruce and Blake published in the book of abstracts, highlighting their humble beginnings and career journeys.
  • Bruce Roberts grew up on a 40-acre farm in Chowchilla, California, and earned degrees from Fresno City College and Fresno State, focusing on plant sciences.
  • Bruce served as a farm advisor in Kings County for 20 years, addressing challenges like floods and droughts, which impacted crop rotations and irrigation practices.
  • Under Bruce's guidance, cotton yields in Kings County increased from two bales per acre in 1983 to three bales per acre in 2004, reflecting a 47% improvement.
  • Bruce introduced garbanzo beans as an alternative crop and played a key role in the acceptance of long staple Pima cotton in the San Joaquin Valley.
  • Bruce earned a master's degree in soil plant water relations from Utah State University and later pursued a PhD at UC Davis, focusing on soil ecology.
  • He became the first holder of the J.G. Boswell Chair of Agronomy at Fresno State, significantly contributing to student engagement and industry ties during his tenure.
  • After retiring in 2016, Bruce shifted his focus to personal interests like traveling and painting, while reflecting on his impactful career in agriculture and education.

05:03:16

Bruce's Journey: Art, Family, and Agriculture

  • Bruce plans to create a watercolor masterpiece in retirement, showcasing his artistic side that many may not have known about.
  • In 2010, before turning 61, Bruce climbed the Nose route on Yosemite's El Capitan, a significant achievement in his life.
  • Bruce and his wife, Amy, celebrated their honeymoon by rafting the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, marking a memorable adventure together.
  • Married for 48 years, Bruce and Amy have three adult children, with Bruce expressing that fatherhood has brought him immense joy and satisfaction.
  • During a recognition event, Bruce thanked the board of directors and acknowledged the support from friends and farmers in Kings County for 20 years.
  • Bruce encouraged younger members, like award recipients Lauren and Omar, to pursue agriculture, emphasizing its importance and the potential for impactful careers.
  • He referenced Ecclesiastes 1:9, highlighting that while many ideas have been explored, new technologies can lead to innovative solutions in agriculture.
  • Bruce shared a quote from his son, emphasizing the value of hard work and the significance of agriculture in society.
  • Blake Sandon, another honoree, was introduced, recognized for his contributions to the University of California Cooperative Extension in Kings County over 20 years.
  • Blake's extensive research included 310 miles of subsurface pipe installation and monitoring soil moisture in 145 fields, significantly improving irrigation efficiency and crop yields.

05:22:37

Blake Honored for Advancements in Agriculture

  • The American Society of Agronomy honored Blake for his contributions to precision irrigation and soil management, emphasizing the importance of his work for California farmers and food supply.
  • Blake expressed gratitude for the honor, reflecting on nearly 30 years of participation in the society and his collaboration with knowledgeable peers in agriculture.
  • He highlighted significant advancements in potassium nutrition for cotton and almonds, which contributed to nearly doubling California's statewide almond yield.
  • Blake acknowledged the transition from cotton dominance to California becoming the leading producer of fruit and nut crops, particularly almonds, which now surpass cotton and alfalfa in acreage.
  • He urged younger attendees to face upcoming challenges, including significant water reductions and ongoing drought conditions, while expressing humility for the recognition received.
  • The meeting included a discussion on the transition of leadership, with Florence passing the gavel to incoming president Michelle, emphasizing the tradition and significance of the gavel.
  • Michelle acknowledged the challenges of organizing a virtual conference during the COVID-19 pandemic, praising Florence's leadership in successfully managing the event.
  • The business meeting concluded with a motion to adjourn, marking the end of the 2022 business meeting of the California chapter of the American Society of Agronomy.
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